The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations

[Ebizur]

Y-DNA of various ethnic groups in Vietnam

cf. Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, Nguyen Dang Ton, Nguyen Van Phong, Roland Schröder, Brigitte Pakendorf, Nong Van Hai, and Mark Stoneking, "The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations." European Journal of Human Genetics (2020) 28:636–645. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4

Colao (Gelao) from Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/34 = 2.9% C1b1a2b-F725
3/34 = 8.8% N1-M2291
2/34 = 5.9% O1a1a1b2-Z23392
10/34 = 29.4% O1b1a1a-M95(xF2758, F2890, FGC19713, CTS651, M1283)
16/34 = 47.1% O1b1a1a1b-M1283(xB426)
1/34 = 2.9% O2a1c1a1-F632(xF793)
1/34 = 2.9% O2a2a1a2a1a2-N5

Dao (Yao) from Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/43 = 2.3% C1b1a2b-F725
1/43 = 2.3% F-M89
3/43 = 7.0% N1-M2291
2/43 = 4.7% O1a1a1a1a-F81
2/43 = 4.7% O1a1a2a-CTS701
5/43 = 11.6% O1b1a1a1a1a-F2758(xF1399, Z24091)
3/43 = 7.0% O1b1a1a1a2a2-CTS651
5/43 = 11.6% O1b1a1a1b-M1283(xB426)
2/43 = 4.7% O2a2a1a2a1a-F1275(xN5)
1/43 = 2.3% O2a2a1a2a1a2-N5
12/43 = 27.9% O2a2b1a2a1-F46
6/43 = 14.0% O2a2b2a1a-F4110

Ede (Rhade) from southern Vietnam (n=20 from Dak Lak Province, n=2 from Dak Nong Province, n=2 from Phu Yen Province)
1/24 = 4.2% D-M174(xD1-CTS11577)
1/24 = 4.2% O1b1a1a1a1a-F2758(xF1399, Z24091)
1/24 = 4.2% O1b1a1a1a1a1b-Z24091
14/24 = 58.3% O1b1a1a1b-M1283(xB426)
2/24 = 8.3% O1b1a1a1b1a-B426
2/24 = 8.3% O2a2a1a2a1a-F1275(xN5)
1/24 = 4.2% R1a1a1b-Z645(xZ2123)
1/24 = 4.2% R1a1a1b2a2a-Z2123
1/24 = 4.2% R2-M479

Giarai (Jarai) from southern Vietnam (n=25 from Gia Lai Province + n=2 from Kon Tum Province)
1/27 = 3.7% C1b1a1a1a-K96
1/27 = 3.7% L1a1-M27
1/27 = 3.7% O1b1a1a1a1a-F2758(xF1399, Z24091)
16/27 = 59.3% O1b1a1a1b-M1283(xB426)
1/27 = 3.7% O1b1a1a1b1a-B426
1/27 = 3.7% O2a2a1a2a1a-F1275(xN5)
3/27 = 11.1% O2a2a1a2a2-F1863
1/27 = 3.7% O2a2b1a1a-F8(xF155, F2137, F317) = O-M1706
1/27 = 3.7% R1a1a1b-Z645(xZ2123)
1/27 = 3.7% R2-M479

Hanhi (Ha Nhi, Hani) from Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
1/33 = 3.0% C2e1a-CTS2657(xCTS8579)
3/33 = 9.1% C2e1a1-CTS8579
5/33 = 15.2% F-M89
3/33 = 9.1% N1-M2291
2/33 = 6.1% O1a1a2a-CTS701
2/33 = 6.1% O1b1a1a1a1a1b-Z24091
2/33 = 6.1% O1b1a1a1a2a1a-FGC19713
3/33 = 9.1% O1b1a2a1-F1759
12/33 = 36.4% O2a2b1a1a1a2a-F2137

Hmong from Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam
10/41 = 24.4% C1b1a2b-F725
8/41 = 19.5% C2e1b1-F1319
3/41 = 7.3% C2e2-F845
5/41 = 12.2% D1-CTS11577(xD1a1a-N1)
2/41 = 4.9% O1a1a2a-CTS701
7/41 = 17.1% O1b1a1a1b-M1283(xB426)
6/41 = 14.6% O2a2a1a2a1a2-N5

Kinh (Vietnamese) from northern Vietnam (Ha Noi = 42, Nam Truc District of Nam Dinh Province = 3, Yen Phong District of Bac Ninh Province = 2, Ngo Quyen District of Hai Phong Province = 1, Bac Ha District of Lao Cai Province = 1, Nghia Hung District of Nam Dinh Province = 1)
1/50 = 2.0% C2e1a1-CTS8579
3/50 = 6.0% C2e1b2-CTS3385
1/50 = 2.0% C2e2-F845
1/50 = 2.0% H1a2a-Z4487
2/50 = 4.0% N1-M2291
1/50 = 2.0% O1a1a-M307.1
1/50 = 2.0% O1a1a1b-Z23420
1/50 = 2.0% O1b1a1a-M95(xF2758, F2890, FGC19713, CTS651, M1283)
11/50 = 22.0% O1b1a1a1a1a-F2758(xF1399, Z24091)
1/50 = 2.0% O1b1a1a1a1a1b-Z24091
2/50 = 4.0% O1b1a1a1a1b2-Z24014
3/50 = 6.0% O1b1a1a1b-M1283(xB426)
4/50 = 8.0% O1b1a1a1b1a-B426
1/50 = 2.0% O1b1a2a1-F1759
1/50 = 2.0% O2a1c1a-F11(xF632, M5420, CTS5409)
2/50 = 4.0% O2a1c1a5-M5420
4/50 = 8.0% O2a1c1a6a1-CTS5409
4/50 = 8.0% O2a2a1a2a2-F1863
2/50 = 4.0% O2a2b1a1a-F8(xF155, F2137, F317) = O-M1706
2/50 = 4.0% O2a2b1a2a1-F46
2/50 = 4.0% Q1a1a1-M120

Lachi from Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
17/36 = 47.2% O1a1a2a-CTS701
3/36 = 8.3% O1b1a1a-M95(xF2758, F2890, FGC19713, CTS651, M1283)
8/36 = 22.2% O1b1a1a1a1a1b-Z24091
8/36 = 22.2% O2a2b1a1a-F8(xF155, F2137, F317) = O-M1706

Lahu from Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
10/31 = 32.3% F-M89
7/31 = 22.6% N1-M2291
4/31 = 12.9% O1b1a1a1a1a-F2758(xF1399, Z24091)
3/31 = 9.7% O1b1a1a1b-M1283(xB426)
2/31 = 6.5% O1b1a2-Page59(xF1759)
4/31 = 12.9% O2a2b1a1a1a2a-F2137
1/31 = 3.2% O2a2b1a2a1-F46

Lolo (Yi) from Mèo Vạc District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
6/36 = 16.7% D1a1a-N1
1/36 = 2.8% F-M89
1/36 = 2.8% N1-M2291
25/36 = 69.4% O1b1a1a1a1a1b-Z24091
1/36 = 2.8% O2a1c1a6a1-CTS5409
2/36 = 5.6% O2a2a1a2a1a2-N5

Mang from Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
1/37 = 2.7% NO-M2313(xN1-M2291, O1a1a-M307.1, O1b1a1a-M95, O1b1a2-Page59, O2-M122)
36/37 = 97.3% O1b1a1a1b1a-B426

Nung (Zhuang) from NE Vietnam (34/37 from Hoàng Su Phì District of Hà Giang Province, 2/37 from Vị Xuyên District of Hà Giang Province, and 1/37 from Hà Quảng District of Cao Bằng Province)
1/37 = 2.7% C1b1a2b-F725
3/37 = 8.1% D1a1a-N1
1/37 = 2.7% N1-M2291
1/37 = 2.7% O1a1a-M307.1
1/37 = 2.7% O1b1a1a-M95(xF2758, F2890, FGC19713, CTS651, M1283)
9/37 = 24.3% O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a-F1399
3/37 = 8.1% O1b1a1a1a1a1b-Z24091
1/37 = 2.7% O1b1a1a1a2a2-CTS651
6/37 = 16.2% O1b1a1a1b-M1283(xB426)
6/37 = 16.2% O1b1a2-Page59(xF1759)
1/37 = 2.7% O2a1c1a6a1-CTS5409
3/37 = 8.1% O2a2a1-F2588(xF1276, F1837)
1/37 = 2.7% O2a2b1a1a-F8(xF155, F2137, F317) = O-M1706

Pathen (Baheng, an ethnic group whose members speak a basal Hmongic language but who are classified by the PRC as "Yao") from Quang Bình District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/36 = 2.8% C1b1a2b-F725
5/36 = 13.9% C2e2-F845
1/36 = 2.8% D1-CTS11577(xD1a1a-N1)
3/36 = 8.3% O1a1a1a1a-F81
2/36 = 5.6% O1b1a1a-M95(xF2758, F2890, FGC19713, CTS651, M1283)
3/36 = 8.3% O1b1a1a1a1a-F2758(xF1399, Z24091)
1/36 = 2.8% O2a1c1a1a1b-F793
3/36 = 8.3% O2a1c1b2-F1266
16/36 = 44.4% O2a2a1a2a1a2-N5
1/36 = 2.8% O2a2b1a1a-F8(xF155, F2137, F317) = O-M1706

Phula (Yi) from Xín Mần District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
18/21 = 85.7% F-M89
3/21 = 14.3% O2a2b1a1a-F8(xF155, F2137, F317) = O-M1706

Phula (Yi) from Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam
8/14 = 57.1% F-M89
4/14 = 28.6% O1b1a1a1b-M1283(xB426)
1/14 = 7.1% O2a2a1a2a1a2-N5
1/14 = 7.1% O2b-F742

Sila (an ethnic group whose members speak a basal Hani or "Hanoid" language) from Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
3/29 = 10.3% C2e1a-CTS2657(xCTS8579)
1/29 = 3.4% N1-M2291
1/29 = 3.4% O1a1a2a-CTS701
24/29 = 82.8% O1b1a2a1-F1759

Tay (Zhuang) (26/47 from Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam + 3 from Ha Quang District, Cao Bang Province + 3 from Dak Mil District, Dak Nong Province + 2 from Luc Yen District, Yen Bai Province + 2 from Thach An District, Cao Bang Province + 1 from Binh Lieu District, Quang Ninh Province + 1 from Chi Lang District, Lang Son Province + 1 from Dinh Lap District, Lang Son Province + 1 from Loc Binh District, Lang Son Province + 1 from Trang Dinh District, Lang Son Province + 1 from Cho Don District, Bac Kan Province + 1 from Cu Jut District, Dak Lak Province + 1 from Krong Pak District, Dak Lak Province + 1 from Dai Tu District, Thai Nguyen Province + 1 from Duc Trong District, Lam Dong Province + 1 from Hoa An District, Cao Bang Province)
3/47 = 6.4% F-M89
1/47 = 2.1% N1-M2291
3/47 = 6.4% O1a1a1a1a-F81
1/47 = 2.1% O1a1a2a-CTS701
7/47 = 14.9% O1b1a1a-M95(xF2758, F2890, FGC19713, CTS651, M1283)
2/47 = 4.3% O1b1a1a1a1a-F2758(xF1399, Z24091)
2/47 = 4.3% O1b1a1a1a1a1b-Z24091
1/47 = 2.1% O1b1a1a1a1b-F2890(xZ24014)
3/47 = 6.4% O1b1a1a1a2a2-CTS651
12/47 = 25.5% O1b1a1a1b-M1283(xB426)
1/47 = 2.1% O1b1a2-Page59(xF1759)
2/47 = 4.3% O2a2a1a2a-F1276(xF1275, F1863)
1/47 = 2.1% O2a2a1a2a2-F1863
1/47 = 2.1% O2a2b-P164
5/47 = 10.6% O2a2b1a1a-F8(xF155, F2137, F317) = O-M1706
1/47 = 2.1% O2a2b1a1a1a1-F155
1/47 = 2.1% O2a2b1a1a3a-F317

Thai (Tai/Dai) (17 from Dien Bien Phu, Dien Bien Province + 2 from Tan Uyen District, Lai Chau Province + 1 from Thuong Xuan District, Thanh Hoa Province + 1 from Tua Chua District, Lai Chau Province + 1 from Ba Thuoc District, Thanh Hoa Province + 1 from Duc Trong District, Lam Dong Province + 1 from Ky Son District, Nghe An Province)
1/24 = 4.2% F-M89
7/24 = 29.2% O1b1a1a-M95(xF2758, F2890, FGC19713, CTS651, M1283)
1/24 = 4.2% O1b1a1a1a1a-F2758(xF1399, Z24091)
2/24 = 8.3% O1b1a1a1a2a1a-FGC19713
5/24 = 20.8% O1b1a1a1b-M1283(xB426)
1/24 = 4.2% O1b1a1a1b1a-B426
2/24 = 8.3% O2-M122(xF11, F1266, F2588, P164, F742)
1/24 = 4.2% O2a2a1a2a1a-F1275(xN5)
2/24 = 8.3% O2a2a1b-F1837
2/24 = 8.3% O2a2b1a1a-F8(xF155, F2137, F317) = O-M1706

The government of Vietnam tends to be "splitters" whereas the government of the PRC tends to be "lumpers" when it comes to their categorizations of ethnicity. Therefore, there may be several ethnic groups who are officially recognized by the Vietnamese government as distinct ethnic groups but who would all be lumped together by the Chinese government as a single ethnos (the Chinese government's position on this matter is quite like lumping all present-day Slavic-speaking ethnic groups together as the "Slavic ethnic group," lumping all Romance-speaking ethnic groups together as the "Roman ethnic group," lumping all Iranic-speaking ethnic groups together as the "Aryan ethnic group," etc.).

[Ebizur]

Y-DNA haplogroups (non-K2a-M2313) in Vietnam by distribution among ethnic groups based on the samples of Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, et al. (2020).

Haplogroup C1b1a2b-F725 (Equivalent to C-B65 on the current version of the YFull tree, represented by C-B465 in three individuals from Singapore and C-F1640 in six individuals, at least five of whom are from China [Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and an ethnic Dai].)
10/41 = 24.4% Hmong/Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam
1/34 = 2.9% Colao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/36 = 2.8% Pathen/Quang Bình District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/37 = 2.7% Nung/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/43 = 2.3% Dao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam

Haplogroup C1b1a1a1a-K96 (C-K96 is represented on the current version of the YFull tree by one individual from the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Telugu living in the UK who has been classified as C-K96* and eleven Gujarati individuals who have been classified as C-K42.)
1/27 = 3.7% Giarai (This individual is from Ayun Pa, Gia Lai Province.)

Haplogroup C2e1a-CTS2657(xCTS8579) (The TMRCA of C-CTS2657 is currently estimated by YFull to be 10,000 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 11,200] ybp. Most of its branches have been found mainly among people in China and Korea, although its C-M407 subclade [TMRCA 4,400 ybp] is known for its high frequency among present-day Barghut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Soyot, Dorbet, and Qongyrat. C-CTS2657 shares a common ancestor with C-K700/F3880 not long before the TMRCA of C-CTS2657: their common ancestor in C-Z1300 is estimated to have existed 10,200 [95% CI 9,300 <-> 11,200] ybp. Like C-CTS2657, most branches of C-K700/F3880 have been found mainly in East Asia, although they seem to be more strongly concentrated in China vis-a-vis C-CTS2657(xM407)'s rather high frequency in Korea.)
3/29 = 10.3% Sila/Mường Tè District
1/33 = 3.0% Hanhi/Mường Tè District

Haplogroup C2e1a1-CTS8579 (The TMRCA of C-CTS8579 is currently estimated by YFull to be 7,400 [95% CI 6,400 <-> 8,400] ybp. C-CTS8579 is a superclade that subsumes C-M407.)
3/33 = 9.1% Hanhi/Mường Tè District
1/50 = 2.0% Kinh (This individual is from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi.)

Haplogroup C2e1b1-F1319 (C-F1319 is a subclade of C-K700. The TMRCA of C-F1319 is currently estimated by YFull to be 8,600 [95% CI 7,600 <-> 9,600] ybp. It has been found mostly in people from China, although YFull also has tabulated a member from Bangladesh, a member from Singapore, a member from Korea, and a member from Azerbaijan. There some rumors online about a possibility that Confucius and, by inference, the royal family of the Shang Dynasty may have belonged to this haplogroup.)
8/41 = 19.5% Hmong/Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam

Haplogroup C2e1b2-CTS3385 (C-CTS3385 is another subclade of C-K700, parallel to C-F1319. The TMRCA of C-CTS3385 is currently estimated by YFull to be 6,200 [95% CI 5,300 <-> 7,100] ybp. It likewise has been found mostly in people from China, but YFull also has tabulated a member from Germany, a member from Syria, a member from Chechnya, and a member from Korea.)
3/50 = 6.0% Kinh (These three Vietnamese individuals are from Gia Lâm, Hoài Đức, and Đan Phượng districts of Hanoi, respectively.)

Haplogroup C2e2-F845 (Formed 10,900 [95% CI 9,900 <-> 11,900] ybp, TMRCA 8,100 [95% CI 7,000 <-> 9,300] ybp according to the current version of YFull. C-F845 has been found with low frequency among people in Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, Korea, and Japan, but the clade seems to be concentrated in China, and especially in the mountains of central China [Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, Chongqing] among the Tujia.)
5/36 = 13.9% Pathen/Quang Bình District
3/41 = 7.3% Hmong/Điện Biên Phủ
1/50 = 2.0% Kinh (This individual is from Hà Đông District, Hanoi.)

Haplogroup D1-M174(xD1a-CTS11577) (May belong to haplogroup D1b-L1366, which previously has been observed in the Philippines.)
1/24 = 4.2% Ede (This individual is from Lắk District, Đắk Lắk Province.)

Haplogroup D1a-CTS11577(xD1a1a1a-N1) (May belong to D-F1070 or to a clade in a phylogenetically similar position.)
5/41 = 12.2% Hmong/Điện Biên Phủ
1/36 = 2.8% Pathen/Quang Bình District

Haplogroup D1a1a1a-N1 (Formed 33,900 [95% CI 31,100 <-> 36,800] ybp, TMRCA 16,700 [95% CI 14,900 <-> 18,600] ybp according to YFull. Subsumes the typically Tibeto-Burman subclades of D-M15.)
6/36 = 16.7% Lolo/Mèo Vạc District, Hà Giang Province
3/34 = 8.8% Nung/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province

Haplogroup F*-M89
18/21 = 85.7% Phula/Xín Mần District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
8/14 = 57.1% Phula/Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam
10/31 = 32.3% Lahu/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
5/33 = 15.2% Hanhi/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
3/47 = 6.4% Tay (All three Tay members of F*-M89 have been sampled in Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam.)
1/24 = 4.2% Thai (This Thai member of F*-M89 has been sampled in Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam.)
1/36 = 2.8% Lolo/Mèo Vạc District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/43 = 2.3% Dao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam

Haplogroup H1a2a-Z4487 (< India?)
1/50 = 2.0% Kinh (This individual is from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi, Red River Delta region of Vietnam.)

Haplogroup L1a1-M27 (< India?)
1/27 = 3.7% Giarai (This individual is from Chư Prông District, Gia Lai Province, Central Highlands region of Vietnam.)

Haplogroup Q1a1a1-M120 (< Han Chinese? These Kinh individuals are from Ba Đình District and Gia Lâm District, Hanoi, Red River Delta region of Vietnam.)
2/50 = 4.0% Kinh

Haplogroup R1a1a1b-Z645(xZ2123) (< India?)
1/24 = 4.2% Ede
1/27 = 3.7% Giarai

Haplogroup R1a1a1b2a2a-Z2123 (< India? A subclade of R-Z93. Formed 4,400 [95% CI 4,000 <-> 4,800] ybp, TMRCA 4,100 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 4,400] ybp according to YFull.)
1/24 = 4.2% Ede

Haplogroup R2-M479 (< India?)
1/24 = 4.2% Ede
1/27 = 3.7% Giarai

[Ebizur]

Y-DNA haplogroups downstream of K2a-M2313 in Vietnam by distribution among ethnic groups based on the samples of Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, et al. (2020).

Haplogroup N1-M2291
7/31 = 22.6% Lahu/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
3/33 = 9.1% Hanhi (Hani)/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
3/34 = 8.8% Colao (Gelao)/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
3/43 = 7.0% Dao (Yao)/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
2/50 = 4.0% Kinh (One individual is from Gia Lâm District and the other is from Ba Đình District, Hanoi, Red River Delta region of Vietnam.)
1/29 = 3.4% Sila (basal Hani or "Hanoid")/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
1/34 = 2.9% Nung (Zhuang)/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/36 = 2.8% Lolo (Yi)/Mèo Vạc District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/47 = 2.1% Tay (Zhuang) (This Tay individual is from Lộc Bình District, Lạng Sơn Province, NE Vietnam.)

Haplogroup K2a-M2313(xN1-M2291, O1a1a-M307.1, O1b1a1a-M95, O1b1a2-Page59, O2-M122)
1/37 = 2.7% Mang/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam

Haplogroup O1a1a-M307.1(xF81, Z23420, CTS701)
1/36 = 2.8% Nung/Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam (This individual is from Vị Xuyên District.)
1/50 = 2.0% Kinh (This individual is from Hai Bà Trưng District, Hanoi, Red River Delta region, Vietnam.)

Haplogroup O1a1a1a1a-F81 (Formed 5,200 [95% CI 4,400 <-> 5,900] ybp, TMRCA 4,600 [95% CI 4,100 <-> 5,200] ybp according to YFull. Predominates among present-day Chinese members of haplogroup O1a-M119.)
3/36 = 8.3% Pathen/Quang Bình District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
3/47 = 6.4% Tay/Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam
2/43 = 4.7% Dao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam

Haplogroup O1a1a1b-Z23420 (= O-SK1568 ≈ O-CTS8920)(xZ23392) (Represented on the current YFull tree by only one individual from Hunan and one individual from Guizhou.)
1/50 = 2.0% Kinh (This individual is from Sóc Sơn District, Hanoi, Red River Delta region, Vietnam.)

Haplogroup O1a1a1b2-Z23392 (≈ O-SK1572)
2/34 = 5.9% Colao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam

Haplogroup O1a1a2a-CTS701 (Formed 6,500 [95% CI 5,800 <-> 7,300] ybp, TMRCA 5,700 [95% CI 4,900 <-> 6,500] ybp according to YFull. Found widely among Han Chinese with rather low frequency. The 1000 Genomes Project sample of Dai in Xishuangbanna includes at least seven members of the O-Z23274 subclade of O-CTS701.)
17/36 = 47.2% Lachi/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
2/33 = 6.1% Hanhi/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
2/41 = 4.9% Hmong/Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam
2/43 = 4.7% Dao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/29 = 3.4% Sila/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
1/47 = 2.1% Tay (This individual is from Bình Liêu District of Quảng Ninh Province in NE Vietnam.)

Haplogroup O1b1a1a-M95(xF2758, F2890, FGC19713, CTS651, M1283) (Formed 12,900 [95% CI 11,700 <-> 14,200] ybp, TMRCA 10,700 [95% CI 9,700 <-> 11,800] ybp according to YFull. O-M95 and its subclades predominate among most moderately isolated ethnic groups of present-day southeastern Asia as far west as the Korku in India and as far east as the Balinese in Indonesia.)
10/34 = 29.4% Colao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
7/24 = 29.2% Thai (Six of these individuals are from Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam. The seventh individual is from Kỳ Sơn District of Nghệ An Province in the North Central Coast region of Vietnam.)
7/47 = 14.9% Tay (Four of these individuals are from Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam. The other three individuals are from Thạch An District of Cao Bằng Province, Hà Quảng District of Cao Bằng Province, and Chi Lăng District of Lạng Sơn Province in NE Vietnam.)
3/36 = 8.3% Lachi/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
2/36 = 5.6% Pathen/Quang Bình District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/34 = 2.9% Nung/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/50 = 2.0% Kinh (This individual is from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi, Red River Delta region, Vietnam.)

Haplogroup O1b1a1a1a1a-F2758(xF1399, Z24091) (O-F2758 is a primary subclade of O-M111/M88. Formed 5,700 [95% CI 5,100 <-> 6,400] ybp, TMRCA 5,200 [95% CI 4,400 <-> 6,000] ybp according to YFull.)
11/50 = 22.0% Kinh
4/31 = 12.9% Lahu
5/43 = 11.6% Dao
3/36 = 8.3% Pathen
2/47 = 4.3% Tay
1/24 = 4.2% Ede
1/24 = 4.2% Thai
1/27 = 3.7% Giarai

Haplogroup O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a-F1399 (≈ O-F4383, a subclade of O-F2758. Formed 3,100 [95% CI 2,500 <-> 3,800] ybp, TMRCA 3,100 [95% CI 2,500 <-> 3,800] ybp according to YFull. O-F4383* has been observed in a Chongqing Han and in an individual from Singapore. The O-F14994 subclade has been observed in a Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City and in an individual from Singapore. The O-CTS3745 subclade has been observed in a Hunan Han, three Dai in Xishuangbanna, and in a commercially-tested individual who has reported himself to be a Yongbei Zhuang from Guangxi.)
9/34 = 26.5% Nung/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam

Haplogroup O1b1a1a1a1a1b-Z24091 (A subclade of O-F2758. Formed 4,300 [95% CI 3,600 <-> 5,100] ybp, TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 2,600 <-> 4,600] ybp according to YFull.)
25/36 = 69.4% Lolo (Yi)/Mèo Vạc District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
8/36 = 22.2% Lachi/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
3/34 = 8.8% Nung/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
2/33 = 6.1% Hanhi/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
2/47 = 4.3% Tay (These individuals are from Chợ Đồn District of Bắc Kạn Province in NE Vietnam and Đăk Mil District of Đắk Nông Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.)
1/24 = 4.2% Ede
1/50 = 2.0% Kinh (This individual is from Nghĩa Hưng District of Nam Định Province in the southern part of the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam.)

Haplogroup O1b1a1a1a1b-F2890(xZ24014) (O-F2890 is another primary subclade of O-M111/M88. Formed 5,700 [95% CI 5,100 <-> 6,400] ybp, TMRCA 5,300 [95% CI 4,600 <-> 6,100] ybp according to YFull. O-F2890(xZ24014) should be roughly equivalent to O-Z24048 on the current YFull tree.)
1/47 = 2.1% Tay (This individual is from Lục Yên District, Yên Bái Province, N Vietnam.)

Haplogroup O1b1a1a1a1b2-Z24014 (Roughly equivalent to O-F2890(xZ24048) on the current YFull tree. O-F2890* has been observed in Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City. O-Y227940 has been observed in individuals from Guangdong and Fujian.)
2/50 = 4.0% Kinh (Both these two individuals are from Gia Lâm District of Hanoi.)

Haplogroup O1b1a1a1a2a1a-FGC19713 (≈ O-Y13994, which is ultimately a branch of "pre-M111" or O-F2924(xM111). Formed 5,000 [95% CI 3,900 <-> 6,200] ybp, TMRCA 3,200 [95% CI 2,500 <-> 4,000] ybp according to YFull. O-Y13994 is a subclade of O-CTS7399; O-CTS7399*(xY13994) has been observed in an individual from Tokyo, but the whole O-F2924(xM111) paragroup has been observed mainly in China.)
2/24 = 8.3% Thai (These individuals are from Bá Thước District, Thanh Hóa Province, North Central Coast region of Vietnam and Tủa Chùa District, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam.)
2/33 = 6.1% Hanhi/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam

Haplogroup O1b1a1a1a2a2-CTS651 (≈ O-CTS10484, another branch of "pre-M111" or O-F2924(xM111). Formed 9,100 [95% CI 7,700 <-> 10,600] ybp, TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 4,000 <-> 6,900] ybp according to YFull. Observed mainly in SW China.)
3/43 = 7.0% Dao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
3/47 = 6.4% Tay (These individuals are from Đình Lập District of Lạng Sơn Province in NE Vietnam, Hà Quảng District of Cao Bằng Province in NE Vietnam, and Krông Pắk District of Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.)
1/34 = 2.9% Nung/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam

Haplogroup O1b1a1a1b-M1283(xB426) (O-M1283 has formed 10,400 [95% CI 9,500 <-> 11,400] ybp, TMRCA 6,800 [95% CI 5,700 <-> 7,900] ybp according to YFull. Includes specimen MA912 from Kelantan, Malaysia who has been dated to 2,409 [95% CI 2,378 <-> 2,440] ybp. Also includes an individual from Saudi Arabia and a Gond from Madhya Pradesh.)
16/27 = 59.3% Giarai
14/24 = 58.3% Ede
16/34 = 47.1% Colao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
4/14 = 28.6% Phula/Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam
12/47 = 25.5% Tay
5/24 = 20.8% Thai
6/34 = 17.6% Nung/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
7/41 = 17.1% Hmong/Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam
5/43 = 11.6% Dao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
3/31 = 9.7% Lahu/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
3/50 = 6.0% Kinh

Haplogroup O1b1a1a1b1a-B426 (Formed 5,400 [95% CI 4,900 <-> 6,000] ybp, TMRCA 5,100 [95% CI 4,400 <-> 5,700] ybp according to YFull. Observed in LA364 from Malaysia dated to 2,865 [95% CI 2,836 <-> 2,894] ybp. Also observed in two Bengalis from Bangladesh and a Riang and a Konda Dora from India.)
36/37 = 97.3% Mang/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
2/24 = 8.3% Ede
4/50 = 8.0% Kinh (Two individuals are from Hoàng Mai District of Hanoi, one individual is from Gia Lâm District of Hanoi, and one individual is from Yên Phong District of Bắc Ninh Province, all in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.)
1/24 = 4.2% Thai (This individual is from Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam.)
1/27 = 3.7% Giarai
45493

Haplogroup O1b1a2-Page59(xF1759) (O-Page59 ≈ O-CTS1456. Formed 21,200 [95% CI 19,200 <-> 23,300] ybp, TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 13,400 <-> 16,500] ybp according to YFull.)
6/34 = 17.6% Nung/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
2/31 = 6.5% Lahu/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam (These Lahu individuals may belong to O-CTS5160 or another branch of O-F779(xF2064). They form a clade with members of O-F1759/F2064 vis-à-vis the Nung and Tay members of O1b1a2-Page59(xF1759).)
1/47 = 2.1% Tay (This individual is from Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam.)

Haplogroup O1b1a2a1-F1759 (≈ O-F2064. Formed 6,900 [95% CI 5,800 <-> 8,000] ybp, TMRCA 3,800 [95% CI 3,400 <-> 4,300] ybp according to YFull.)
24/29 = 82.8% Sila/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
3/33 = 9.1% Hanhi/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
1/50 = 2.0% Kinh (This individual is from Thanh Xuân District of Hanoi.)
45494

Haplogroup O2-M122(xF11, F1266, F2588, P164, F742)
2/24 = 8.3% Thai (These individuals are from Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam.)

Haplogroup O2a1c1a-F11(xF632, M5420, CTS5409)
1/50 = 2.0% Kinh (This individual is from Ngô Quyền District of Haiphong.)

Haplogroup O2a1c1a1-F632(xF793) (O-F632 has formed 9,300 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 10,400] ybp, TMRCA 9,300 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 10,400] ybp according to YFull.)
1/34 = 2.9% Colao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam

Haplogroup O2a1c1a1a1b-F793 (O-F793 has formed 5,100 [95% CI 4,500 <-> 5,900] ybp, TMRCA 2,600 [95% CI 2,300 <-> 2,800] ybp according to YFull. O-F793 in general is spread throughout southern China; one subclade, O-Y141213, which YFull estimates to have formed 2,600 [95% CI 2,300 <-> 2,800] ybp, TMRCA 1,850 [95% CI 1,500 <-> 2,200] ybp, has been observed mostly in Mandarin-speaking regions.)
1/36 = 2.8% Pathen/Quang Bình District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam

Haplogroup O2a1c1a5-M5420 (≈ O-F4062. Formed 9,300 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 10,400] ybp, TMRCA 6,100 [95% CI 5,400 <-> 6,800] ybp according to YFull.)
2/50 = 4.0% Kinh (One individual is from Ba Đình District of Hanoi and the other is from Gia Lâm District of Hanoi.)

Haplogroup O2a1c1a6a1-CTS5409 (≈ O-CTS257. O2a1b1a1a1a1f1a according to ISOGG. Formed 5,800 [95% CI 4,700 <-> 7,000] ybp, TMRCA 4,900 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 6,000] ybp according to YFull. YFull has tabulated examples from South Korea, Tokyo, Ho Chi Minh City, and Lahu and Yi from China.)
4/50 = 8.0% Kinh (One from Gia Lâm District of Hanoi, one from Từ Liêm District of Hanoi, one from Đống Đa District of Hanoi, and one from Yên Phong District of Bắc Ninh Province.)
1/34 = 2.9% Nung/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/36 = 2.8% Lolo/Mèo Vạc District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam

Haplogroup O2a1c1b2-F1266 (O2a1b1a2b according to ISOGG. A subclade of O2a1b1-F18(xO2a1b1a1-F117, O2a1b1a2a-F238). Cf. the phylogenetic position of O-CTS498 on the current YFull tree.)
3/36 = 8.3% Pathen/Quang Bình District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam

Haplogroup O2a2a1-F2588 (≈ O-CTS3106, a clade that subsumes O-M7, O-CTS201, and O-F1837. Formed 18,700 [95% CI 17,100 <-> 20,400] ybp, TMRCA 15,900 [95% CI 14,400 <-> 17,500] ybp according to YFull.)

Haplogroup O2a2a1-F2588(xF1276, F1837) (These individuals most likely should belong to O-CTS201 or to O-M7(xF1276).)
3/34 = 8.8% Nùng/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam (Kra-Dai > Tai > Central Tai)

Haplogroup O2a2a1a2a-F1276(xF1275, F1863)
2/47 = 4.3% Tày (These individuals are from Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam.) (Kra-Dai > Tai > Central Tai)

Haplogroup O2a2a1a2a1a-F1275(xN5)
2/24 = 8.3% Ede (These individuals are from Đắk Lắk Province, Central Highlands, Vietnam.) (Austronesian > Malayo-Polynesian > Chamic)
2/43 = 4.7% Dao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam (Hmong-Mien > Mienic)
1/24 = 4.2% Thái (This Thái individual is from Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam.) (Kra-Dai > Tai > Southwestern Tai)
1/27 = 3.7% Giarai (This individual is from Chư Păh District, Gia Lai Province, Central Highlands, Vietnam.) (Austronesian > Malayo-Polynesian > Chamic)

Haplogroup O2a2a1a2a1a2-N5 (≈ O-F14904: formed 9,100 [95% CI 7,600 <-> 10,600] ybp, TMRCA 2,300 [95% CI 1,650 <-> 3,000] ybp according to YFull)
16/36 = 44.4% Pathen/Quang Bình District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam (Hmong-Mien > Hmongic)
6/41 = 14.6% Hmong/Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam (Hmong-Mien > Hmongic)
1/14 = 7.1% Phula/Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam (Lolo-Burmese > Loloish > Southeastern Loloish)
2/36 = 5.6% Lolo/Mèo Vạc District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam (Lolo-Burmese > Mondzish)
1/34 = 2.9% Colao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam (Kra-Dai > Kra > Gelao-Lachi)
1/43 = 2.3% Dao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam (Hmong-Mien > Mienic)

Haplogroup O2a2a1a2a2-F1863 (Formed 12,500 [95% CI 11,100 <-> 13,900] ybp, TMRCA 10,000 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 12,700] ybp according to YFull based on the Y-DNA of an individual from Zhejiang, a Dai from Xishuangbanna, and four Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City.)
3/27 = 11.1% Giarai (These individuals are from Gia Lai Province, Central Highlands, Vietnam.) (Austronesian > Malayo-Polynesian > Chamic)
4/50 = 8.0% Kinh (One from Hai Bà Trưng District of Hanoi, one from Gia Lâm District of Hanoi, one from Nam Trực District of Nam Định Province, and one from Bắc Hà District of Lào Cai Province, all in northern Vietnam.) (Austroasiatic > Vietic)
1/47 = 2.1% Tày (This individual is from Đại Từ District, Thái Nguyên Province, NE Vietnam.) (Kra-Dai > Tai > Central Tai)

Haplogroup O2a2a1b-F1837
2/24 = 8.3% Thái (Both these Thái individuals are from Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam.) (Kra-Dai > Tai > Southwestern Tai)

Haplogroup O2a2b-P164(xF8, F46, F4110)
1/47 = 2.1% Tay (This individual is from Đức Trọng District of Lâm Đồng Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.)

Haplogroup O2a2b1a1a-F8(xF155, F2137, F317) (≈ O-M1706 ≈ O-M133. Formed 12,400 [95% CI 11,100 <-> 13,800] ybp, TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 6,500 <-> 7,500] ybp according to YFull.)
8/36 = 22.2% Lachi/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
3/21 = 14.3% Phula/Xín Mần District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
5/47 = 10.6% Tay (All five individuals are from Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam.)
2/24 = 8.3% Thai (One individual is from Điện Biên Phủ, Điện Biên Province, NW Vietnam and the other is from Tân Uyên District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam.)
2/50 = 4.0% Kinh (One individual is from Quốc Oai District of Hanoi and the other is from Gia Lâm District of Hanoi.)
1/27 = 3.7% Giarai (This individual is from Đức Cơ District of Gia Lai Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.)
1/36 = 2.8% Pathen/Quang Bình District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
1/37 = 2.7% Nung (This individual is the one Nung sampled from Ha Quang District of Cao Bang Province in NE Vietnam.)

Haplogroup O2a2b1a1a1a1-F155 (Formed 4,700 [95% CI 3,700 <-> 5,700] ybp, TMRCA 2,300 [95% CI 1,950 <-> 2,600] ybp according to YFull.)
1/47 = 2.1% Tay (This individual is from Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam.)

Haplogroup O2a2b1a1a1a2a-F2137 (Formed 7,000 [95% CI 5,800 <-> 8,100] ybp, TMRCA 5,900 [95% CI 4,800 <-> 7,200] ybp according to YFull based on the Y-DNA of individuals from Singapore, Jiangsu, Mongola from Hulunbuir, Hebei, Zhejiang, Guangdong, and the Netherlands. The Y-DNA of the specimen SM-SGDLM6 from Shanxi dated to 4,064 [95% CI 3,985 <-> 4,143] ybp also belongs to this clade.)
12/33 = 36.4% Hanhi/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam
4/31 = 12.9% Lahu/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam

Haplogroup O2a2b1a1a3a-F317 (≈ O-F2188. Formed 7,000 [95% CI 6,500 <-> 7,500] ybp, TMRCA 1,950 [95% CI 1,000 <-> 3,000] ybp according to YFull based on the Y-DNA of individuals from Singapore, Fujian, Cebu, Shandong, Ho Chi Minh City, Henan, and Taiwan.)
1/47 = 2.1% Tay (This individual is from Tràng Định District of Lạng Sơn Province in NE Vietnam.)

Haplogroup O2a2b1a2a1-F46 (≈ O-CTS2643. Formed 12,800 [95% CI 11,300 <-> 14,400] ybp, TMRCA 8,900 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 9,500] ybp according to YFull.)
12/43 = 27.9% Dao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam
2/50 = 4.0% Kinh (One individual is from Cầu Giấy District of Hanoi and the other is from Gia Lâm District of Hanoi.)
1/31 = 3.2% Lahu/Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, NW Vietnam

Haplogroup O2a2b2a1a-F4110 (Formed 11,300 [95% CI 10,100 <-> 12,600] ybp, TMRCA 9,000 [95% CI 7,700 <-> 10,500] ybp according to YFull. Observed in Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong. TMRCA with Sino-Koreo-Japanese O-F1010 and Austronesian O-AM01750 in O-F871 is estimated by YFull to be 13,600 [95% CI 12,400 <-> 14,900] ybp.)
6/43 = 14.0% Dao/Hoàng Su Phì District, Hà Giang Province, NE Vietnam

Haplogroup O2b-F742
1/14 = 7.1% Phula/Mường Khương District, Lào Cai Province, N Vietnam

[Ebizur]

Y-chromosome sequencing
We enriched for ~2.3 million bases of the MSY from the
same libraries used for mtDNA capture enrichment [28].
The MSY sequence processing pipeline is described elsewhere
[29]. To increase the quality of the data set, we
removed 41 positions with more than 16.6% missing
information across the Vietnam MSY sequences and then
imputed the remaining missing genotypes with BEAGLE
4.0 [30] using published reference sequences (Supplementary
Material Table S2) from South Asia, East Asia, SEA,
and Oceania [20, 31, 32]. After making initial haplogroup
calls (using the procedure described below), we then went
back and added additional reference samples from haplogroups
C2-M217 and N1-M2291 for imputation, as these
were present in 28 and 22 individuals respectively in the
Vietnamese sample set but not present in the initial set of
reference sequences used for imputation. Further, a merged
A00 sequence [31] was added as an outgroup. From the
combined data set we additionally excluded 53 positions not
covered by more than 75% of the samples. The aligned
MSY reads are deposited in the European Nucleotide
Archive (PRJEB33028). Final SNP genotypes and their
chromosomal positions on hg19 are provided in Supplementary
Material Data 1 and Data 2. MSY haplogroups
were called with yhaplo [33] using a stopping condition
parameter “ancStopThresh” = 10. Haplogroups were typed
to the maximum depth possible given the phylogeny of
ISOGG version 11.04 (http://www.isogg.org/) and the
available genetic markers in our target region. Labels
denoted with an asterisk in the text and figures are paragroups
that do not include subgroups.


Results
MSY sequences
We sequenced 2,346,049 bases of the MSY of 600 Vietnamese
from 17 populations to a mean coverage of 30.2 ×
(minimum: 5×, maximum: 72×). After filtering, there were
3932 SNP positions, including 1908 novel sites that have
not been described previously (dbSNP Build 153, accessed
October 9, 2019, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/). Fiftyseven
different haplogroups were present in the 17 populations
(Table S3). A detailed analysis of the phylogeography
of the MSY data set will be presented elsewhere; the
focus of the present study is the comparison of patterns of
mtDNA and MSY variation in the sampled Vietnamese
populations, and so we only briefly mention some interesting
features about the MSY haplogroup distribution
(Supplementary Material Text 1, Fig. S1, Tables S3, S4).


Conclusion
The sequencing of 2.34 Mb of the MSY chromosome and
the complete mtDNA genome of 17 different ethnic groups
(encompassing all five language families) enabled us to
carry out the first comprehensive analysis of the genetic
diversity within Vietnam. Overall, isolation leading to
genetic drift has had an important impact on Vietnamese
groups, with recent contact limited to some TK and HM
groups. There are several differences between the maternal
and paternal genetic history of some populations; in
particular, a matrilocal vs. patrilocal residence pattern
appears to be one of the major drivers of differences
between the MSY and mtDNA signals in AN vs. other
groups. There is also a profound impact of genetic drift for
the Mang and Sila, especially in the MSY lineages, suggesting
male-specific bottlenecks or founder events. And
although we find genetic evidences for a central position of
the Kinh as the majority group within the country, there is
substantial genetic diversity in the other ethnic groups that
is not represented in the Kinh. Genetic studies of the
remaining ethnic groups in Vietnam, and expansion of the
genetic data to include genome-wide variation will provide
further insights into the genetic history of this key region
of MSEA.

The sequences produced in this study have been deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive: cf. the accession for CoLao566 at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/SAMEA5719568.

Is there some reason why they cannot be added to the YFull tree?

[Shuzam87]

The sequences produced in this study have been deposited in the European Nucleotide Archive: cf. the accession for CoLao566 at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/SAMEA5719568.

Is there some reason why they cannot be added to the YFull tree?
I have tried uploading all these samples to Yfull before but "unfortunately, we cannot add these samples to our tree as they are not of sufficient quality."