Major Jewish Y-lineages

[hartaisarlag]

I agree with the concern in the Big Thread that we've spent too much time interpreting autosomal DNA-based models, and not enough making judgments based on clear phylogeny (which has gotten much more precise over the last few years). Drawing on a number of sources (JewishDNA.net, YTree, FTDNA's Haplotree, and FTDNA projects), I decided to put together brief, "just the facts" summaries on each of the 10 apparently largest Ashkenazi lineages, all with YFull-estimated TMRCAs between 400 CE and 900 CE. By Wim Penninx's original estimate from a few years ago, these make up about 55% of all Ashkenazi patrilineages.

For the most part I'll leave out my interpretations; I'm interested in yours (and in any blanks you'd be able to fill in). Suffice it to say, some branches have interesting internal structure and some don't; some have a clear link to non-Ashkenazi Jews, and some don't; some have a sibling branch within the historical timescale, and some don't; some appear Levantine, some European, and some unclear in origin.

Might be best to break this up, and post one by one, in descending order of size. Starting with a notorious one:

R1a-Z93-Y2619

Frequency (Penninx): 8.6%
TMRCA (YFull): 700 CE
TMRCA (Behar 2017): 250 CE

Main branches:
R-BY29826 (TMRCA: Not reported)
R-FGC18222 (TMRCA: 850 CE)
- Includes Iraqi Jew (in a downstream clade with Belarusian and Polish Jews with TMRCA: 1725 CE) and Algerian Jew (also in downstream clade)
R-Y2630 (Main branch; TMRCA: 950 CE)
- Includes Turkish Jews (in multiple downstream clades)

Parent branch:
R-CTS6 (TMRCA: 900 BCE)
- Basal individual: Persian from Kerman
- Haplotree identifies possible basal Egyptian, Colombian
- Found in a Scythian from ca. 1050 CE
Sibling branches:
R-Y37891 (TMRCA: 650 CE)
- Includes Persian from Kerman, Iranian Azerbaijani, Iraqi Yazidi
R-CTS7297 (TMRCA: 900 BCE)
- Includes Armenian, Iranian Azerbaijani, Brazilian, and Spaniards

Grandparent branch:
R-F1345 (TMRCA: 1900 BCE)
Uncle branches:
R-YP5484 (TMRCA: 1050 CE)
- Includes Galilee Palestinians (Mamluk tradition?)
R-F2935 (TMRCA: 1700 BCE)
- Includes Black Sea Turk, Balkars, Englishman, Scot, Spaniard, and Ukrainian

[hartaisarlag]

Next:

J2a-M92-L556

Frequency (Penninx): 7.6%
TMRCA (YFull): 850 CE

Main branches:
J-Y9005 (TMRCA: 1250 CE)
- Includes early-diverging downstream subclade with Venetian and Bulgarian from Ruse. Jewish or not?
J-Y11782 (TMRCA: 1050 CE)
- Splits into Y22280 (TMRCA: 1150 CE) and Y13373 (TMRCA: 1500 CE); former has no German Jews and a Puerto Rican in a downstream branch, but latter has plenty of German Jews

Note:
Haplotree identifies possible basal Italians, Honduran, Mexican, Chilean, Pakistani.

Parent branch:
J-Y20051 (TMRCA: 4200 BCE)
Sibling branch:
J-S19243 (TMRCA: 1250 CE)
- All Saudis

Grandparent branch:
J-Y20492 (TMRCA: 4200 BCE)
- Basal individual: Sardinian
Uncle branch:
J-ZS6172 (TMRCA: 900 BCE)
- Western Turk, Armenian, Calabrian

[hartaisarlag]

Next, for a very interesting one, still poorly-characterized:

G2b-M377-Y12975

Frequency (Penninx): 7.6%
TMRCA (YFull): 900 CE

Main branches:
G-Y14600 (TMRCA: 950 CE)
G-Y15861 (TMRCA: 1050 CE)

Parent branch:
G-Y12297 (TMRCA: 2700 BCE)
Sibling branch:
G-M3124 (TMRCA: 1250 CE)
- Sicilian, Afghan Pashtuns, Punjabi

Grandparent branch:
G-M377 (TMRCA: 6500 BCE)
- Lebanese, Syrians, Armenians, Tajiks, Neapolitan, Sicilian

[hartaisarlag]

Including a downstream pan-North Mediterranean branch not reported in YFull:

Q1b-L245-Y2200

Frequency (Penninx): 6.4%
TMRCA (YFull): 450 CE

Main branches:
Q-YP1003 (TMRCA: 600 CE)
- According to Gurianov 2015, includes Chinese individual
Q-Y2197 (TMRCA: 700 CE)

Notes:
- Structure reported differently in YTree vs. Haplotree vs. GeneticHomeland.
- YFull identifies basal Scot; Haplotree additionally identifies basal Dane and Englishman.
- Haplotree identifies a Brazilian, Italian, Greek, and Portuguese under Q-BZ72, a sibling to Q-Y2197, under Q-FGC1933, which is the actual sibling to Q-YP1003.

Parent branch:
Q-Y2225 (TMRCA: 500 BCE)
Sibling branch:
Q-FGC10659 (TMRCA: 1875 CE)
- Italians

Grandparent branch:
Q-Y2209 (TMRCA: 1400 BCE)
- Basal individual: Jordanian, Haplotree adds Lebanese, Omani, German (Jew?)
Uncle branches:
Q-FGC2020
- Turk (or Armenian from Turkey?)
Q-BZ1
- Includes Italian
Q-BZ3000 (TMRCA: 750 CE)
- Includes Montenegrin, Croat
Q-YP730 (TMRCA: 900 BCE)
- Includes Chinese, Dutch, German

[hartaisarlag]

Near and dear to my heart:

E1b-L791-Y6923

Frequency (Penninx): 5.6%
TMRCA (YFull): 400 CE, main branch: 700 CE

Main branches:
E-Y102667 (TMRCA: 400 CE)
- Splits into Y102667* (Libyan Jew) and Y99093 (TMRCA: 650 CE, Turkish-Tunisian Jew and Puerto Rican)
- Most likely (Y6923 xY6938) includes Algerian (Jew?), Mexican, Peruvian
- Might include Ashkenazi (Behar et al 2017)
E-Y6938 (TMRCA: 700 CE)
- Primary split between Y133118 (TMRCA: 950 CE) and main clade Z36123 (TMRCA: 750 CE)
- Found in downstream clades: Swedes, a Scot, a Polish Tatar (?)

Parent branch:
E-Y6926 (TMRCA: ~1550 BCE)
Sibling branch:
E-Y6926*
- Includes Omanis and Emiratis from Al-Bulushi clan

Grandparent branch:
E-Y4971 (TMRCA: 3500 BCE)
- Haplotree identifies possible basal Emirati, Polish (Jew?), Russian (Jew?)
Uncle branches:
E-BY36592 (TMRCA: Not reported)
- Not well-characterized, Iraqi(s)
E-Y4972 (TMRCA: 3000 BCE)
- Swiss German, Romaniote Jews, Sardinian, Armenian, Russian, Ligurians, French, Nablus-area Palestinian, Kuwaitis, Emiratis, German (Jews?), Iraqi, Portuguese, Spaniard, Venezuelan

Note:
Possibly identified in a Bulgarian (FTDNA), and in now-inaccessible databases, a Brazilian and Tunisian (Jew?).

[hartaisarlag]

Shoutout to the priests:

J1-ZS227-Y5400 (S12192)

Frequency (Penninx): 5%
TMRCA (YFull): 400 CE

Main branches:
J-Y31161 (TMRCA: 400 CE)
J-Y5399 (TMRCA: 950 CE)

Notes:
- Nomenclature different in YTree vs. Haplotree.
- Haplotree identifies possible basal Moroccan (Jew?), Algerian (Jew?), Ashkenazim. Includes Norwegian and Irish in downstream branches.

Parent branch:
J-Y3088 (Y18271) (TMRCA: 900 BCE)
- Includes Turkish (Jew?), Englishman, Sardinian, Peruvian, Greeks (Jewish?), Yemenite Jew, Salvadoran, Lebanese, Mexican, and Puerto Rican.
Sibling branches:
J-ZS2432 (TMRCA: 750 CE)
- Ashkenazim
J-ZS2458 (TMRCA: 800 BCE)
- Iraqi (Jew?)
J-FGC17491 (TMRCA: 250 CE)
- Includes Portuguese, Spaniards, Moroccan Jew, Mexican, Ashkenazim
J-ZS237 (TMRCA: Not reported)
- Italians

Grandparent branch:
J-S0075 (ZS227) (TMRCA: 3400 BCE)
- Haplotree identifies possible basal Iraqi (Jew?), Kuwaiti, French (Jew?), Ashkenazim; Portuguese at ZS222 (between ZS227 and Y18271). YFull identifies basal Rhineland German (Jew?).
- JewishDNA.net claims (based on STR?) Jews from Turkey, Italy, Iran, Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt.

[hartaisarlag]

J2a-L210-Y15223 (Z30390)

Frequency (Penninx): 4%
TMRCA (YFull): 550 CE

Main branches:
J-BY194993 (TMRCA: 1250 CE)
J-Y15238 (TMRCA: 1100 CE)
- Includes several German Jews on YFull (3 Bavarian, 1 Rhineland)
J-Y24492 (TMRCA: 550 CE)
- Doesn’t include any German Jews on YFull

Notes:
- Nomenclature different in YTree vs. Haplotree.
- Haplotree identifies possible basal Mexican, Ashkenazim.

Parent branch:
J-Y15222 (TMRCA: 600 BCE)
- Includes basal Lombard, Basilicatan. Haplotree reports possible basal Frenchman and Irishman. No downstream subclades reported (other than Y15223).

Grandparent branch:
J-Z482 (TMRCA: 2900 BCE)
- Includes basal Ukrainian (Jew?); Haplotree reports possible basal Ashkenazim (or Eastern Europeans), Italians, Danes, Spaniard, Scot.
Uncle branch:
- J-Z478 (TMRCA: Not reported)
- Tuscans

[hartaisarlag]

I like this one because it strongly hints at intra-Ashkenazi structure:

E1b-M84-Y14891

Frequency (Penninx): 4%
TMRCA (YFull): 800 CE

Main branches:
E-Z36149 (TMRCA: 1250 CE)
- Includes several German Jews (Bavarian, Rhineland, Baden-Wurttemberg), Alsatian Jews, Dutch Jew
E-Y16781 (TMRCA: 800 CE)
- Larger branch; includes much smaller proportion of German Jews, plus Venetian Jew Bassan downstream (Ashkenazi origin likely)

Parent branch:
E-Y14899 (TMRCA: 5500 BCE)
- Appears to include Syrian Jew, somewhere in structure
Sibling branches:
E-F1539 (TMRCA: 300 CE)
- Includes Kuwaiti, Emirati
E-Y14899* (BY63615?)
- Includes Palestinian Christian from Birzeit, Greek Cypriot with possible Pontic origin

Grandparent branch:
E-FGC18353 (TMRCA: 5500 BCE)
Uncle branch:
E-Y5435 (TMRCA: 4000 BCE)
- Includes Yemenis, Saudis, Qataris, Emirati, Iranian Kurd, Sardinians, Algerian, Bulgarian, Lebanese, Bahraini, Palestinian, Swede, Swiss, Turk, Iraqi, English, Italian, Austrian, Polish, Hungarian.
- Includes diverse, heavily but not exclusively European branch E-FGC18401 downstream, (TMRCA: 1100 BCE).

[hartaisarlag]

J1-L817-L816

Frequency (Penninx): 3.3%
TMRCA (YFull): 850 CE

Main branches:
J-Y34527 (TMRCA: 1350 CE)
- Includes Mexicans from Nuevo León, Spaniard, German Jew
J-ZS2728 (TMRCA: 900 CE)
- Much larger branch; includes basal Spaniard, downstream Finn

Note:
Haplotree includes possible basal Greek (Jew?), Syrian (Jew?), Ashkenazim.

Parent branch:
J-L818 (TMRCA: 1900 BCE)
According to Haplotree, includes possible basal Turks (Kurds?), Italian, Syrian, Saudi, German (Jew?).

Grandparent branch:
J-L817 (TMRCA: 4600 BCE)
- YTree includes basal Sardinian
Uncle branch:
J-ZS5383 (TMRCA: Not reported)
- Missing from YTree
- Includes Yemenis, Saudis, Palestinian, Iraqi

[hartaisarlag]

R1b-U106-Y5051

Frequency (Penninx): 2.9%
TMRCA (YFull): 500 CE

Main branches:
R-Y5051*
- Includes Portuguese, Mexican, Brazilian, Spaniard
R-FGC8591 (TMRCA: 850 CE)
- Downstream of R-FGC8564 (TMRCA: 500 CE)
R-A689 (TMRCA: 1200 CE)
- Downstream of R-FGC8564 (TMRCA: 500 CE)
- Includes Turkish Jew

Note:
Nomenclature different in YTree vs. Haplotree.

Parent branch:
R-Y3464 (FGC8587) (TMRCA: 500 CE)
- Includes basal Englishman; according to Haplotree, includes additional possible basal Englishman, Swede.

Grandparent branch:
R-Y3462 (TMRCA: 100 CE)
Sibling branch:
R-Y101927 (TMRCA: 1200 CE)
- Includes Englishmen, might also include German