G25 coordinates of 42 Inner Mongolians from China

[Tsakhur]

Here are the coordinates of 42 ethnic Mongolians from China. They are all from Inner Mongolia. The results are from this paper:

Can any members here help me annotate the various Mongolian subgroups please?

Most individuals seem to be similar to Mongola G25 average, while others seem more Daur-like with more Western Eurasian shift or more Outer Mongolian-like. A few also seem to be genetically Northern-Han/Sinitic.

Mongolian:M:10501809288926,0.0387,-0.38387,0.041483,-0.051034,-0.007078,-0.016176,0.003995,0.007384,0.001227,0.00164,-0.056186,-0.005245,0.000743,0.000138,-0.006379,-0.002519,-0.011083,0.004434,0,0.000125,0.001872,-0.004328,-0.00037,-0.000361,-0.000359
Mongolian:M:11911809296061,0.043253,-0.368637,0.056945,-0.026486,-0.040623,-0.024821,0.015041,0.015922,0.002659,0.005285,-0.034751,-0.000899,0.000297,0.000138,0.003393,0.001458,0.003651,-0.002407,-0.006285,0.007003,-0.017095,-0.015086,-0.017008,0.002289,-0.002036
Mongolian:M:12031809296839,0.044391,-0.379808,0.046763,-0.043282,-0.035391,-0.021196,0.013161,0.014076,-0.008795,0.008018,-0.031828,-0.009741,0.003122,-0.00523,-0.000679,0.00358,0.004955,0.003927,-0.00176,0.014632,-0.012478,-0.011623,-0.014913,-0.006386,0.00491
Mongolian:M:12501809306197,0.033009,-0.38387,0.059962,-0.044574,-0.02462,-0.020359,0.011516,0.013846,-0.0045,0.010752,-0.046281,0.001948,0.000446,-0.001927,-0.005565,-0.00053,0.003912,0.000127,0.007165,0.003752,0.00025,-0.001855,-0.001849,0.000964,-0.005149
Mongolian:M:13721809217907,0.034147,-0.386917,0.04978,-0.037791,-0.022466,-0.014502,0.002115,0.017768,0.003886,0.004009,-0.039623,-0.006594,0.004014,0.003991,-0.003936,-0.002387,-0.005346,-0.003294,0.000377,-0.002751,-0.007487,-0.000371,-0.012325,0.002771,0.001197
Mongolian:M:17371809288951,0.036423,-0.398088,0.048271,-0.040698,-0.024004,-0.017291,0.011986,0.01823,-0.009817,0.011845,-0.040597,-0.002098,0.000297,-0.000275,0.004614,-0.005967,-0.01369,-0.000887,0.000251,0.008004,-0.008984,-0.005317,-0.007148,-0.00253,0.000838
Mongolian:M:18891809210920,0.043253,-0.378792,0.062602,-0.033915,-0.044316,-0.018965,0.005875,0.017076,0.001227,0.003462,-0.040272,-0.001948,0.000743,0.00578,-0.001629,-0.008618,-0.007823,0.001647,0.008045,0.009505,-0.007237,-0.009521,-0.01479,-0.001687,0.002036
Mongolian:M:22551809210977,0.044391,-0.370668,0.056568,-0.031008,-0.026774,-0.019522,0.015746,0.020538,0.010431,0.017495,-0.037349,-0.002548,0.004014,-0.011423,0.002307,0.001591,0.004172,0.002407,0.007165,0.010005,-0.003619,-0.002844,-0.016145,0.009519,0.005029
Mongolian:M:22641808164944,0.030732,-0.408243,0.032432,-0.041667,0.004924,0.007251,0.009635,0.009461,-0.001432,0.006743,-0.0544,-0.005395,0.01115,0.001789,-0.010043,0.005701,-0.001043,-0.00038,-0.009804,0.010255,-0.002121,0.005688,0.004807,0.001205,-0.001197
Mongolian:M:22711809298037,0.036423,-0.387932,0.036204,-0.04522,0.002462,-0.009482,0.010105,0.003692,-0.008999,0.003645,-0.059272,-0.008542,0.000595,0.001927,-0.003529,0.001591,-0.004172,-0.003421,0.006788,0.005628,-0.005989,-0.009521,-0.011955,0.00735,0.009101
Mongolian:M:23051809288846,0.036423,-0.371684,0.057699,-0.030685,-0.040007,-0.029284,0.008695,0.01523,-0.003272,0.005467,-0.039785,0.007343,0.003122,-0.002752,-0.00095,0.010342,0.002217,0.002154,0.007793,0.01088,-0.020838,-0.003957,-0.006532,0.002651,-0.005508
Mongolian:M:29951809218380,0.030732,-0.398088,0.026021,-0.044897,-0.004308,-0.001394,0.015511,0.010153,-0.010226,-0.001093,-0.062032,-0.007194,0.005798,-0.000688,0,-0.00053,0.002347,-0.005194,-0.00088,0.008879,-0.009234,-0.003339,0.002342,0.003253,0.000479
Mongolian:M:30601809288887,0.029594,-0.381839,0.061471,-0.040698,-0.032314,-0.010319,0.00846,0.018461,0.003886,0.011663,-0.035563,0,0.010109,-0.007019,-0.0038,0.007027,0.003651,0.004054,0.01081,0.001251,-0.018093,-0.006925,-0.016022,-0.008314,0.001437
Mongolian:M:31661809211106,0.044391,-0.410274,0.036581,-0.049419,0.001231,-0.006693,0.006345,0.002308,-0.007567,0.008383,-0.055699,-0.007643,0.003865,-0.001239,-0.006379,0.005834,0.004042,-0.001014,0.000126,0.007629,0.003993,-0.003462,0.00493,-0.002169,0.003473
Mongolian:M:32351809296156,0.027318,-0.426522,0.029415,-0.056525,0.034468,0.005578,0.01034,0.007846,-0.006749,0.005832,-0.061058,-0.005245,0.005798,-0.003303,-0.004072,0.009149,-0.001565,-0.007095,-0.006913,-0.005127,0.013227,0.006801,-0.001109,0.004699,0.003592
Mongolian:M:34171809211056,0.0387,-0.389963,0.040352,-0.036176,-0.002462,-0.01757,0.005405,0.006231,-0.001841,0.001458,-0.042708,-0.006744,0.002081,-0.003303,-0.002986,0.001326,-0.008475,0.003801,-0.002765,-0.002626,-0.00262,0.000989,-0.002958,-0.005181,0.00491
Mongolian:M:39441809211045,0.043253,-0.377777,0.039975,-0.037791,-0.020311,-0.017012,0.006345,0.016615,-0.006954,0.004738,-0.047093,0.000899,0.0055,0.00812,-0.0019,0.000928,0.005476,0.004561,0,0.001126,-0.014849,-0.00915,-0.011216,-0.007712,0.003952
Mongolian:M:43141809210924,0.034147,-0.397072,0.036581,-0.045543,-0.00277,-0.01004,0.014336,0.012461,0.000409,0.01385,-0.059597,-0.004796,0.000595,-0.007569,0.000407,0.004641,-0.002477,0.003041,-0.007165,0.002626,-0.014974,0.004575,-0.002958,-0.004338,0.000958
Mongolian:M:44421809289007,0.040976,-0.376761,0.042615,-0.043605,-0.021235,-0.013945,0.006345,0.016845,-0.001023,0.00328,-0.042546,-0.001649,0.005054,-0.002477,-0.001493,0.00358,0.003129,-0.00076,0.005531,0.003502,-0.011854,-0.006801,-0.005546,0.001084,-0.004071
Mongolian:M:46181809296161,0.03187,-0.399103,0.025267,-0.049742,0.005232,-0.003347,0.00423,0.005307,-0.004704,0.008201,-0.069015,-0.000749,0.009663,-0.003028,-0.011265,-0.001989,0.007823,-0.001774,0.002891,0.002251,-0.006738,-0.00136,0.002342,-0.000361,0.00479
Mongolian:M:46201809218379,0.036423,-0.38387,0.060339,-0.034884,-0.048317,-0.027331,0.013396,0.016615,-0.002454,0.01549,-0.039623,-0.003447,0.002527,-0.001239,-0.005836,-0.002917,-0.000782,0.001267,0.009176,0.011506,-0.008735,-0.001484,-0.011339,-0.000482,0.002395
Mongolian:M:50951809306243,0.042115,-0.380824,0.051288,-0.030362,-0.025543,-0.017012,0.015981,0.005538,-0.000614,0.012574,-0.049528,0.002548,-0.005649,0.004817,0.009908,0.004375,0.004563,-0.004687,0.002263,0.008754,-0.015972,-0.002226,-0.002342,-0.00482,0.008742
Mongolian:M:52661809219373,0.025041,-0.421445,0.018856,-0.053941,0.013849,0.012829,0.013631,0.002077,-0.006545,0.004009,-0.064955,-0.008842,0.011298,-0.008533,-0.011129,-0.005171,-0.002608,0.003041,-0.007165,-0.001876,0.001497,0.001607,-0.004683,0.001325,0.002395
Mongolian:M:53381809296101,0.026179,-0.41332,0.031301,-0.050388,0.01231,-0.001394,0.007755,0.018692,-0.006136,0.016583,-0.068366,-0.008542,0.006392,-0.00289,-0.001764,0.005967,0.000652,-0.000127,-0.007416,0.004002,-0.000749,0.004946,-0.000739,-0.004579,-0.003952
Mongolian:M:55381809296824,0.03187,-0.390979,0.059208,-0.04845,-0.020004,-0.015339,0.009165,0.008769,0.003681,0.01385,-0.054887,-0.006744,0.002379,0.007844,-0.002986,-0.002254,-0.006128,-0.004054,0.005028,-0.001,-0.005615,0.00643,-0.012325,-0.006025,0.002754
Mongolian:M:56611809289031,0.044391,-0.377777,0.058831,-0.041344,-0.034468,-0.0251,0.013396,0.022614,0.00859,0.010205,-0.043033,-0.004046,0.006392,0.001789,-0.001493,-0.013922,-0.024773,-0.00114,0.001257,0.003627,-0.016471,-0.011623,-0.008874,0.000241,0.005748
Mongolian:M:57051809211097,0.0387,-0.381839,0.053551,-0.029393,-0.037238,-0.011156,0.012926,0.018461,-0.001636,0.002734,-0.038811,-0.002698,0.006838,-0.006606,0.001086,0.003713,-0.005607,0.00266,-0.003017,0.001,-0.000374,-0.000124,-0.007148,0.010363,0.002036
Mongolian:M:57601809287969,0.036423,-0.39301,0.026021,-0.053295,0.008617,-0.000837,0.00752,0.015461,-0.003272,0.006743,-0.053588,-0.007343,0.007582,-0.000138,-0.007872,-0.007558,-0.004433,0.003674,0.006159,0.002501,-0.002246,0.004946,-0.000493,-0.001446,0.007544
Mongolian:M:60101809187336,0.037562,-0.371684,0.05506,-0.034238,-0.032621,-0.0251,0.012926,0.00923,-0.001023,0.00328,-0.035725,0.00015,-0.003865,0.010459,0.008143,0.008751,-0.002999,-0.001014,0.004022,0.006128,-0.003119,-0.010634,-0.015652,-0.001325,0.001317
Mongolian:M:60191809218096,0.035285,-0.368637,0.043369,-0.03553,-0.014464,-0.015897,0.011516,0.020999,0.002454,0.00893,-0.041409,-0.004646,0.003717,0.002064,-0.006922,0.006629,0.001695,0.005068,0.002263,0.012756,-0.00574,-0.004204,-0.010353,0.002289,0.008143
Mongolian:M:61021809289026,0.042115,-0.389963,0.060716,-0.038437,-0.039084,-0.026216,0.013161,0.016384,-0.001636,0.005832,-0.039136,-0.002548,0.005798,0.001651,-0.002307,-0.003447,0.001565,0.006461,0.012318,0.009755,-0.004243,-0.012736,-0.01405,0.005061,-0.003233
Mongolian:M:64001809288852,0.036423,-0.407227,0.034318,-0.044251,0.006155,-0.003904,0.007285,0.008538,-0.000818,0.008747,-0.052614,-0.010191,0.003271,-0.001927,-0.0057,0.006099,0.002217,0.002914,0.004651,-0.005378,-0.007986,-0.005812,-0.003697,0.002771,0.000239
Mongolian:M:67441809296932,0.026179,-0.432616,0.017725,-0.064923,0.040007,0.012271,0.0094,-0.002538,-0.010226,0.004374,-0.06934,-0.006294,0.001784,-0.008257,-0.011672,-0.000398,-0.00665,0.00038,-0.008799,-0.015382,0.010731,0.008285,0.011092,0.000482,-0.002395
Mongolian:M:70111809297093,0.0387,-0.382855,0.05242,-0.039083,-0.025851,-0.015618,0.013866,0.007846,0.002045,0.015126,-0.03329,-0.003747,-0.001933,-0.001376,-0.003393,0.003845,0.011865,-0.007095,0.00176,0.011255,0.001248,-0.011747,-0.002711,-0.001807,0.00012
Mongolian:M:72021809289030,0.036423,-0.395041,0.036581,-0.030362,-0.004308,-0.006136,-0.001175,0.012692,-0.002454,0.006925,-0.054563,-0.01109,0.002973,0.000963,-0.007193,-0.008486,-0.00352,0,-0.000251,0.00075,-0.001123,0.00371,-0.009983,0.000482,-0.00012
Mongolian:M:73541809217962,0.039838,-0.401134,0.034318,-0.051357,0.004616,0,0.018096,0.017307,-0.005727,0.005103,-0.054563,-0.007044,0.00446,-0.002202,0.00095,0.005701,0.005085,0.00228,-0.006034,0.008129,-0.000873,-0.004451,-0.008134,0.002169,0.003473
Mongolian:M:73711809187856,0.039838,-0.385901,0.049026,-0.040698,-0.012002,-0.011713,0.0094,0.010615,-0.003886,0.006925,-0.045306,0,0.00223,0.004129,0.000543,-0.002254,-0.005737,0.00228,-0.006411,0.00075,-0.00861,0.002349,-0.000739,-0.005181,0.002395
Mongolian:M:74671809219121,0.036423,-0.389963,0.045632,-0.029393,-0.00677,-0.016176,0.014336,0.011307,-0.003886,0.010752,-0.043845,-0.002398,0.003568,-0.002615,-0.00285,-0.002652,0.008475,0.005068,0.001634,0.009004,0.004367,-0.004822,-0.004807,0.000723,0.004191
Mongolian:M:78031809280160,0.039838,-0.390979,0.046763,-0.040052,-0.014156,-0.017849,0.014336,0.012461,0.001023,0.006378,-0.053913,-0.013938,-0.001784,0.000275,0,0.003978,0,0.000253,0.002263,0.006878,0.000873,-0.003091,-0.012448,0.001446,0.00455

Here is the original spreadsheet by David: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_j7...AwuBz-dYd/view

[Ebizur]

Here are the coordinates of 42 ethnic Mongolians from China. They are all from Inner Mongolia. The results are from this paper:

Can any members here help me annotate the various Mongolian subgroups please?

Most individuals seem to be similar to Mongola G25 average, while others seem more Daur-like with more Western Eurasian shift or more Outer Mongolian-like. A few also seem to be genetically Northern-Han/Sinitic.

I have written a little about this sample of Mongols from Baotou in this post and this post.

According to the authors of the original study:

We collected saliva samples from 42 Mongolian individuals from Baotou city of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Each included individual followed the criteria of sampling collection that require people to have long-term resident history and do not have recorded intermarriages with other surrounding populations for at least three generations. Our work was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Xiamen University (Approval Number: XDYX2019009). Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

...

To obtain a more elaborate genetic structure of Mongolians, we conducted the IBD (identified by descent) analysis and pairwise f4 statistics of all individuals (Supplementary Figures S2–S8). Taking results from PCA, admixture, pairwise IBD, and pairwise f4 statistics into careful consideration, we grouped the Mongolian population into three subgroups for subsequent analysis, marked as Mongolian_inner who clustered with Mongolian speakers in China, Mongolian_mid, and Mongolian_outer clustered with Mongols and closed with Tungusic populations.

...

Neolithic hunter-gatherers and millet farmers in East Asia made a large genetic contribution to the formation of Mongolian matched by the two-way admixture model of WLR_BA that is a mixed population of Neolithic hunter-gatherers and millet farmers and Western Steppe herders or adequately modeled as YR_LN + Mongolia_N_North/AR_EN + Russia_Sintashta_MLBA or YR_LN + Russia_Sintashta_MLBA + Mongolia_N_North + Turkmenistan_Gonur_BA_1. The proportion of Neolithic hunter-gatherers contributing to Mongolian subgroups increased with the genetic affinity with Mongols; in contrast, the ancestry of Neolithic farmers dedicated to Mongolian subgroups increased with the genetic affinity with Han. The derived Eastern Eurasian ancestry (ANA) from a gene pool was similar to contemporary Tungusic speakers from Amur River Basin, suggesting a genetic connection among the speakers of languages belonging to the Altaic macrofamily (Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic language families) (Yunusbayev et al., 2015; Pugach et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021). The genetic connection of Mongolic and Tungusic populations was also shown in a similar pattern of the paternal Y chromosomes (Huang et al., 2018a; Huang et al., 2018b; Wen et al., 2019; Wei et al., 2018a; Yan et al., 2015; Wei et al., 2018b). Trans-Eurasian language origin hypothesis asserted that the language subfamily of Mongolic, Tungusic, Turkic, and Japonic-Korean originated from Neolithic Hongshan culture in West Liao River Basin; the Hongshan farmers in West Liao River Basin migrated westward to the Mongolia Plateau and gradually developed into nomadic style, leading to the separation of Proto-Turkic and Proto-Mongolic-Tungusic languages. However, our findings did not observe the Hongshan related ancestry in Mongolic speakers and supported the Trans-Eurasian agricultural origin and diffusion hypothesis (the two-way admixture of WLR_MN + Russia_Sintashta_MLBA failed, Supplementary Table S9A). Considering the genetic similarity continuity in ancient Northeast Asian, our established genetic landscape in Mongolians supported the potential Northeast Asian origin of the Altaic language. What's more, the genetic contribution of Han-related ancestry might be mediated by the gene flow into ancient populations in Mongolia started in the Xiongnu Regime of the Early Iron Age (Jeong et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2021). The unique geographic position of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has always been the boundary between the agriculture of the Han population and the pastoral husbandry of herders. Therefore, the recorded communication between the populations related to Han and Eastern Steppe pastoralists started in Han Dynasty when the rise of the Xiongnu Regime often invaded the boundary of the Han Dynasty, which facilitated the cultural and genetic exchanges. Since the confrontation between the Han and the nomads opened up the historical situation, this kind of exchange between the agricultural people and the nomads has continued until Genghis Khan’s cavalries swept across the whole Eastern Eurasia and the exchanges between the agricultural people and the nomads reached the peak; our ALDER results also suggested gene flow from Han into Mongolian during the rise of the Mongol empire. The Han-related ancestry increased with the time transection. Sex-biased patterns of genetic admixture could be informative about gendered aspects of migration, social kinship, and family structure. We observed a clear signal of male-biased Han admixture in the Mongolian population, corresponding to the Y chromosome lineage O2a in some Mongolian individuals.

...

The Eastern Steppe has served as a crossroad for human population migration and cultural exchanges: the eastward expansion of Western Steppe herders since the Bronze Age (Allentoft et al., 2015; de Barros Damgaard et al., 2018; Narasimhan et al., 2019; Ning et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019); the WSHG (West Siberian hunter-gatherers) in Central/South Asia (Jeong et al., 2019; Narasimhan et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2021); Iran-related ancestry flowed into northern Mongolia since Early Iron Age (Jeong et al., 2020). More recent historical migrations are companied by the opening of the Silk Road and the westward expansions of Turkic and Mongolic groups. The flourishing population movement facilitated the intricate formation history of the Mongolian population. Our sample was collected from Darham Mau Mingan Union Flag of Baotou of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which is located in the hinterland of the Bohai Rim and the Yellow River Economic Belt and has functioned as a conduit for human migration and cultural transfer between Mongols and China so that also be characterized as an immigrant city with flourished migrations. Prosperous economic and trade activity promotes the population exchange between China and Mongols, which is also shown in the genetic profile of three Mongolian subgroups.

[Tsakhur]

I have written a little about this sample of Mongols from Baotou in this post and this post.

According to the authors of the original study:

Thank you. Can you help annotate each Mongolian individual sample? It seems there are three Mongolian subgroups in this paper.

[Ebizur]

Thank you. Can you help annotate each Mongolian individual sample? It seems there are three Mongolian subgroups in this paper.

Three subgroups have been distinguished by the authors according to the autosomal profiles of their members. However, all tested individuals should be from Darhan Muminggan United Banner, a sparsely populated area (only about 4.0 persons per square kilometer, or about 70,000 persons in total) located on the Chinese side of the international border between Dornogovi Province of southeastern Mongolia and Baotou prefecture-level city of west-central Inner Mongolia, PRC.

Do you have the raw mtDNA data for these Mongols from Darhan Muminggan United Banner? If you can run the data through HaploGrep to determine the mtDNA haplogroup of each individual, it should be possible to separate them into the same three clusters as the authors of the original paper have done.

[East-Asia]

Hongshan Pyramid Discovered in China

In the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in northern China, Chinese archeologists have discovered a pyramid which they have dated to be more than 5,000 years old. Archaeologist Guo Dashun stated that the three-stepped pyramid belongs to the Hongshan culture period of 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, during the Stone Age.

At the top of the pyramid, the archeologists found seven tombs and the ruins of an altar. Also found were many fragments of broken pottery carved with the Chinese character mi (rice). They also discovered a bone flute, a stone ring, and a life-sized sculpture of a goddess.

Archeologists believe that the discovery of these relics, as well as of the pyramid itself, will be crucial in learning more about both the spiritual and earthbound life of the peoples of the Hongshan culture.

Sources:
"xinhua." china daily. http://www.chinadaily.net/cndy/2001-07-10/19256.html. 10 july 2001.

[Tsakhur]

Three subgroups have been distinguished by the authors according to the autosomal profiles of their members. However, all tested individuals should be from Darhan Muminggan United Banner, a sparsely populated area (only about 4.0 persons per square kilometer, or about 70,000 persons in total) located on the Chinese side of the international border between Dornogovi Province of southeastern Mongolia and Baotou prefecture-level city of west-central Inner Mongolia, PRC.

Do you have the raw mtDNA data for these Mongols from Darhan Muminggan United Banner? If you can run the data through HaploGrep to determine the mtDNA haplogroup of each individual, it should be possible to separate them into the same three clusters as the authors of the original paper have done.

Unfortunately, I don't have the raw mtDNA. Are they presented in this paper? Also I don't know to utilize that program to determine the haplogroup.

Btw if there was a DNA study of Mongolians in Northern part of Inner Mongolia such as Hailar and Heilongjiang, would they be more Tungusic-shifted or Daur-like with very little West Eurasian?

[Ebizur]

Unfortunately, I don't have the raw mtDNA. Are they presented in this paper? Also I don't know to utilize that program to determine the haplogroup.

Btw if there was a DNA study of Mongolians in Northern part of Inner Mongolia such as Hailar and Heilongjiang, would they be more Tungusic-shifted or Daur-like with very little West Eurasian?

The mtDNA haplogroup as well as the autosomal cluster membership of each individual are provided in Table 12 of the original study. Determining the mtDNA haplogroup of each of those samples on zenodo should be sufficient to allow one to infer the autosomal cluster membership of almost every sample; I recall that there are two individuals who have been assigned the same mtDNA haplogroup (G2a5), but both those individuals also have been assigned to the same autosomal cluster ("inner"), so there should be no ambiguity in their case.

As for Mongols from the northeastern parts of Inner Mongolia and Northeast China, they appear to be quite diverse, with some being similar to Buryats (relatively high Siberian + Western affinity), others being similar to Daurs (rather close to most Outer Mongolians i.e. Khalkha but with relatively low Western affinity), and yet others being relatively similar to Northern Han, Manchus, and Koreans. My naive hypothesis would be that the Daur-like individuals should be the most "indigenous" to the region, with the Buryat-like individuals being recent migrants or descendants of recent migrants from the northwest, and the relatively Northern Han-like individuals being recent migrants or descendants of recent migrants from the south, perhaps Khorchins.

[Tsakhur]

The mtDNA haplogroup as well as the autosomal cluster membership of each individual are provided in Table 12 of the original study. Determining the mtDNA haplogroup of each of those samples on zenodo should be sufficient to allow one to infer the autosomal cluster membership of almost every sample; I recall that there are two individuals who have been assigned the same mtDNA haplogroup (G2a5), but both those individuals also have been assigned to the same autosomal cluster ("inner"), so there should be no ambiguity in their case.

As for Mongols from the northeastern parts of Inner Mongolia and Northeast China, they appear to be quite diverse, with some being similar to Buryats (relatively high Siberian + Western affinity), others being similar to Daurs (rather close to most Outer Mongolians i.e. Khalkha but with relatively low Western affinity), and yet others being relatively similar to Northern Han, Manchus, and Koreans. My naive hypothesis would be that the Daur-like individuals should be the most "indigenous" to the region, with the Buryat-like individuals being recent migrants or descendants of recent migrants from the northwest, and the relatively Northern Han-like individuals being recent migrants or descendants of recent migrants from the south, perhaps Khorchins.

Thank you for your explanation. I will have a deeper investigation and scrutiny at the mtDNA section in the study again.

Regarding Mongols in the Northeastern region of Inner Mongolia and Northeastern China, would there also be some who are genetically identical to Proto-Mongols (who seem very Tungusic-like based on the MNG_East_N, Ulaanzukh, Slab Grave samples closest modern day distance) or Tungusics e.g. Oroqen, Nanai, Ulchi with negligible Western Eurasian affinity?

These two individuals seem to be ethnic Mongols from Inner Mongolia. One of them and is closest to Oroqen, Daur in HarappaWorld but in the oracle can be modelled as a mix of Mongola+Buryat/Hezhen+Tuvinian/Xibo+Yakut/Daur+Yukaghir, etc. whereas the other one received Buryat as the closest match but possessed much less Western affinity than average and can be modelled as combination of mostly Oroqen+Yukaghir/Ket/Selkup or Tuvinian+Oroqen/Hezhen/Daur, etc in mixed mode sharing. These two results are most likely Northeastern region of Inner Mongolia and Northeastern China right? Could both individuals be a mix of Buryat+ Daur or some other Tungusic tribe?

Would you anticipate that the Uzemchin, Barga and Dariganga minorities in Dornod, Sukhbaatar in Far Eastern part of Outer Mongolia be Daur/Hezhen or Oroqen/Nanai-like or even autosomally resemble the Manchu/Northern Han with very little Western affinity compared to Khalkhas who have much higher Western Eurasian?

[Michalis Moriopoulos]

Here are the coordinates of 42 ethnic Mongolians from China. They are all from Inner Mongolia. The results are from this paper:

Can any members here help me annotate the various Mongolian subgroups please?

Sorry that I can't spend too much time on this because I've got a ton of other things to do before I release my Valentine's Day update on the 14th, but I'll just say the three ostensible subgroups mentioned in the paper look to blend into each other when I do runs incorporating various East Asian sources (Devil's Gate and Hanben; Devil's Gate and Miaozigou MN; Devil's Gate and Han_North_China). I don't really see any way to divide them easily; it's a big cline with no hard breaks. These three outliers have the most Han-like and the least Devil's Gate ancestry: 52661809219373, 32351809296156, and 67441809296932. This last sample is the one that could just be Han if he wanted to; he plots closest to Han North China and Manchu.

Most everyone else clusters closest to Mongolics already in G25. A few to Xibo.

[Tsakhur]

Sorry that I can't spend too much time on this because I've got a ton of other things to do before I release my Valentine's Day update on the 14th, but I'll just say the three ostensible subgroups mentioned in the paper look to blend into each other when I do runs incorporating various East Asian sources (Devil's Gate and Hanben; Devil's Gate and Miaozigou MN; Devil's Gate and Han_North_China). I don't really see any way to divide them easily; it's a big cline with no hard breaks. These three outliers have the most Han-like and the least Devil's Gate ancestry: 52661809219373, 32351809296156, and 67441809296932. This last sample is the one that could just be Han if he wanted to; he plots closest to Han North China and Manchu.

Most everyone else clusters closest to Mongolics already in G25. A few to Xibo.

Are there a few who resemble Daur but more Western-shifted? And I noticed one or two individuals who seem to score mostly Devil's Gate/Ulaanzukh/Slab Grave than Han-related affinity but have much less Western Eurasian than most Outer Mongolians. I concurred with your statement; it's an unclear big cline which cannot be easily split.

Btw, I have sent the second genotype data to Davidski and plead him to upload them to G25, but for some reason, he hasn't respond back. Hope, he doesn't dismiss them: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DVW...jeSr6my3v/view