Waves of migration into South Asia

[parasar]

Its not so cut and dry , Narasimhan's qpAdm was flawed to begin with. When all the relevant populations are used, it actually turns out its roughly a similar male to female ratio when you include standard errors.
This was a former member's results earlier this year and the pattern holds. The same result occurs with Central Steppe sources like Oy Dzhalau from what he told me in PM.

Re: Narasimhan's qpAdm was flawed to begin with.

Reich and Narasimhan did not make that contention - "the admixture into the SPGT was definitively female-biased" - based on qpAdm or Autosome vs. X chromosome, but based only on uniparentals.
Their Autosome vs. X chromosome which I posted shows actually a slight but insignificant skew towards males, at best it is even.
Autosomes: InPe 0.806 Steppe 0.194
X: InPe 0.850 Steppe 0.150

Therefore I broke down their uniparental analysis by showing a complete absence of mt-U5 in SPGT which was the most common mtDNA on the steppe.
IMO there was no steppe contribution to SPGT - neither male, nor female.

[Coldmountains]

Re: Narasimhan's qpAdm was flawed to begin with.

Reich and Narasimhan did not make that contention - "the admixture into the SPGT was definitively female-biased" - based on qpAdm or Autosome vs. X chromosome, but based only on uniparentals.
Their Autosome vs. X chromosome which I posted shows actually a slight but insignificant skew towards males, at best it is even.
Autosomes: InPe 0.806 Steppe 0.194
X: InPe 0.850 Steppe 0.150

Therefore I broke down their uniparental analysis by showing a complete absence of mt-U5 in SPGT which was the most common mtDNA on the steppe.
IMO there was no steppe contribution to SPGT - neither male, nor female.

Is there a definite and checked list of Swat_IA Y-DNA and mtdna?

[parasar]

Is there a definite and checked list of Swat_IA Y-DNA and mtdna?

For Y DNA, I would follow kolgeh's compilation: https://anthrogenica.com/showthread....ncient-samples
For mtDNA, I think it may be best to follow the paper's tabulation itself:
.. L1a 756-430 calBCE (2460±20 BP, PSUAMS-6196) I8220
H2 A 403-360 calBCE (2296±19 BP, CIRCE-DSH-5624) I2954
H13a2a n/a (female) 406-353 calBCE (2292±31 BP, CIRCE-DSH-5625) I7717
U2b2 R2a3a2b 400-200 BCE I7722
K1b1a1+199 Q1b2 400-200 BCE I7718
C4a'b'c n/a (female) 400-200 BCE I7720
M52a n/a (female) 400-200 BCE I7719
M30d1 n/a (female) 400-200 BCE I7723
R6b L1a 400-200 BCE I7721
M30 n/a (female) 400-200 BCE I6894
R5a2 R1a1a1b 431-168 calBCE [431-381 calBCE (2346±21 BP, CIRCE-DSH-6526), 361-168 calBCE [361-168 calBCE (2180±30 BP, PSUAMS-3984), 358-181 calBCE (2185±20 BP, PSUAMS-4424)] I2955
H15a1a1 n/a (female) 361-203 calBCE (2210±20 BP, PSUAMS-3721) I6893
.. n/a (female) 361-171 calBCE [357-171 calBCE (2175±20 BP, PSUAMS-3761), 361-202 calBCE (2205±20 BP, PSUAMS-4425)] I6896
HV6 R2a3a2b2b1 356-121 calBCE (2165±20 BP, PSUAMS-6197) I8245
M30 J1 167-46 calBCE (2080±20 BP, PSUAMS-2788) I6549
M30 n/a (female) 200-0 BCE [mother of directly dated I6549 at 167-46 calBCE (2080±20 BP, PSUAMS-2788)] I6552
U8b1a1 n/a (female) 200 BCE - 100 CE I6547
H+16311 n/a (female) 200 BCE - 100 CE I6551
.. n/a (female) 50 calBCE - 52 calCE (2010±20 BP, PSUAMS-6195) I8218
R30b1 n/a (female) 47 calBCE - 52 calCE (2005±20 BP, PSUAMS-6207) I7714
U2a J1 41 calBCE - 57 calCE (1990±20 BP, PSUAMS-2789) I6550
J1b1 GHIJK 1-1000 CE I11565
.. BT 1-1000 CE I11562
J1b1 J 720-895 calCE (1200±30 BP, Beta-428663) I1808
M3a2 n/a (female) 1021-1154 calCE (960±20 BP, PSUAMS-6206) I6890
M5a1 R1a1a1b 1037-1207 calCE (905±30 BP, Poz-83508) I2959
.. R1a1a 1000-1250 CE [father.or.son of I2959 at 1037-1207 calCE (905±30 BP, Poz-83508)] I2960
H13a2a J2a1h2 1169-1250 calCE (835±15 BP, PSUAMS-4428) I7716
M49 J1 1276-1390 calCE (670±25 BP, PSUAMS-4427) I7715
H2b R1a1a1b 1287-1393 calCE (640±20 BP, PSUAMS-6205) I6889
M3a1 R1a1a1b2a2b 1485-1650 calCE (310±30 BP, Beta-428668) I1805
.. E1b1b1b2 1400-1126 calBCE (3018±45 BP, CEDAD-LTL13327A) I6900
T2a1b E1b1b1b2 1491-922 calBCE [1044-922 calBCE (2830±20 BP, PSUAMS-2632), 1491-1231 calBCE (3098±45 BP, CEDAD-LTL13335A)] I1799
M30+16234 n/a (female) 1372-1027 calBCE (2964±45 BP, CEDAD-LTL12131A I8193
U1a1 n/a (female) 1416-831 calBCE [921-831 calBCE (2740±20 BP, PSUAMS-2798), 1416-1214 calBCE (3056±40 BP, CEDAD-LTL13332A)] I3260
U7b R2a3a2b2c 1207-1014 calBCE (2910±25 BP, PSUAMS-5426) I12147
H2a2 E1a 1195-978 calBCE (2890±30 BP, Beta-428665) I1992
M E1b1b1b2a 1192-824 calBCE [1192-939 calBCE (2880±30 BP, Beta-428667), 1001-824 calBCE (2758±40 BP, CEDAD-LTL13334A)] I1985
R30a1b H1a1a 1100-900 BCE I8194
.. n/a (female) 1200-800 BCE I6198
.. n/a (female) 1200-800 BCE I6901
.. n/a (female) 1200-800 BCE I6897
U8b1a E1b1b1b2 1200-800 BCE I6194
M65a E1b1b1b2 1200-800 BCE I6197
.. DE 1200-800 BCE I3261
T1a1 n/a (female) 1071-925 calBCE (2845±20 BP, PSUAMS-5277) I12138
W3a1 R1a1a1b 1044-922 calBCE (2830±20 BP, PSUAMS-5280) I12457
W3a1 n/a (female) 1107-840 calBCE [1027-848 calBCE (2800±30 BP, Beta-428666), 1107-840 calBCE (2808±45 BP, CEDAD-LTL13329A] I1994
K1a n/a (female) 1011-909 calBCE (2810±20 BP, PSUAMS-5503) I13226
U4c1 n/a (female) 1011-909 calBCE (2810±20 BP, PSUAMS-2841) I6195
HV2a L1a 1006-904 calBCE (2800±20 BP, PSUAMS-4867) I10974
.. E1b1b1b2 1044-792 calBCE [1044-830 calBCE (2785±45 BP, CEDAD-LTL13328A), 901-792 calBCE (2659±40 BP, CEDAD-LTL13328A)] I6899
U7a n/a (female) 992-830 calBCE (2760±30 BP, Beta-428664, based on 14C date on I1796, UDG31, Grave 28, Individual 1, which is genetically a duplicate and dropped due to lower quality) I8190
[email protected] n/a (female) 974-836 calBCE (2760±20 BP, PSUAMS-4853) I8219
[email protected] n/a (female) 974-836 calBCE (2760±20 BP, PSUAMS-2787) I6546
H14a E1b1b1b2a 976-832 calBCE (2760±25 BP, PSUAMS-2157) I3262
U2e1'2'3 C1b1a1a1 971-834 calBCE (2755±20 BP, PSUAMS-2795) I6553
M35b+16304 n/a (female) 968-833 calBCE (2750±20 BP, PSUAMS-2791) I5397
U2e1h n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I6557
H H1a1 1000-800 BCE I6548
HV13b J2a1h2 1000-800 BCE I12451
W3a1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I13219
U1a1 R2a3a 1000-800 BCE I12968
T2g R2a3a 1000-800 BCE I12473
M n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12444
U2 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12144
U2a2 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12448
HV14a n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12141
U7b J 1000-800 BCE I12465
H3ac L1a 1000-800 BCE I12475
N1a1b1 J2a1 1000-800 BCE I12463
J1d3a R2a3a 1000-800 BCE I5399
M30d1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12461
U2b2 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12446
R30b1 H1a1d2 1000-800 BCE I12447
H13a2a H1a1d2 1000-800 BCE I12143
U2b2 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12142
HV17 I2a2a1b1b1 1000-800 BCE I12471
HV18 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12146
M30c1 I2a2a1b1b1 1000-800 BCE I12149
W3a1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12477
U1a n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12464
U7a L1a 1000-800 BCE I12445
HV12b1 R2a3a2b2c 1000-800 BCE I12462
U2b n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12460
U2c1 L1a2 1000-800 BCE I10523
W3b n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12454
M30c1 R2a3a 1000-800 BCE I12470
Z3a1a n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I5398
D4j1b .. 1000-800 BCE I12980
A+152+16362 R 1000-800 BCE I13221
I1c1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12456
M5a L1a2 1000-800 BCE I13222
M5a n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12455
N1a2 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I13224
T1a1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I13220
U2b L1a 1000-800 BCE I13223
W n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I13227
I1c n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12137
M4 J2 1000-800 BCE I12458
M65a1 L1 1000-800 BCE I12459
M30g Q1a1b1 1000-800 BCE I12134
M5a Q1b2 1000-800 BCE I13228
H n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12984
U7a L1a2 1000-800 BCE I10000
H14 J2b 1000-800 BCE I12982
U2c1b L1a 1000-800 BCE I12988
[email protected] n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12983
T1a1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12979
M70 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12981
HV18 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12987
R30b1 L1a 1000-800 BCE I10001
W3a1b R2 1000-800 BCE I8998
[email protected] E1b1b1b2 1000-800 BCE I12472
.. CT 1000-800 BCE I12140
W3a1b R2a 1000-800 BCE I8997
U1a1c1d R2a3a 1000-800 BCE I12449
.. R1 1000-800 BCE I12466
.. J 1000-800 BCE I12453
R30b1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12985
M4a n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12136
M5a Q1b2 927-831 calBCE (2745±20 BP, PSUAMS-2793) I5400
J1b1b3 n/a (female) 921-831 calBCE (2740±20 BP, PSUAMS-2786) I6545
U3b1a1 n/a (female) 911-822 calBCE (2725±20 BP, PSUAMS-4851) I8999
M4a L1a 906-820 calBCE (2720±20 BP, PSUAMS-2797) I6555
U4d J2a1 904-817 calBCE (2715±20 BP, PSUAMS-2790) I5396
T2g1a n/a (female) 895-801 calBCE (2675±20 BP, PSUAMS-2794) I6292
U2c1 n/a (female) 894-798 calBCE (2670±20 BP, PSUAMS-2792) I6556
T2g1a L1a 831-796 calBCE (2645±20 BP, PSUAMS-2796) I6554
M3a2 R1a1a1 824-792 calBCE (2630±20 BP, PSUAMS-5279) I12450
H n/a (female) 818-789 calBCE (2620±20 BP, PSUAMS-4423) I6888
U2c1a G2a2a1 970-550 BCE I8246

[Coldmountains]

For Y DNA, I would follow kolgeh's compilation: https://anthrogenica.com/showthread....ncient-samples
For mtDNA, I think it may be best to follow the paper's tabulation itself:
.. L1a 756-430 calBCE (2460±20 BP, PSUAMS-6196) I8220
H2 A 403-360 calBCE (2296±19 BP, CIRCE-DSH-5624) I2954
H13a2a n/a (female) 406-353 calBCE (2292±31 BP, CIRCE-DSH-5625) I7717
U2b2 R2a3a2b 400-200 BCE I7722
K1b1a1+199 Q1b2 400-200 BCE I7718
C4a'b'c n/a (female) 400-200 BCE I7720
M52a n/a (female) 400-200 BCE I7719
M30d1 n/a (female) 400-200 BCE I7723
R6b L1a 400-200 BCE I7721
M30 n/a (female) 400-200 BCE I6894
R5a2 R1a1a1b 431-168 calBCE [431-381 calBCE (2346±21 BP, CIRCE-DSH-6526), 361-168 calBCE [361-168 calBCE (2180±30 BP, PSUAMS-3984), 358-181 calBCE (2185±20 BP, PSUAMS-4424)] I2955
H15a1a1 n/a (female) 361-203 calBCE (2210±20 BP, PSUAMS-3721) I6893
.. n/a (female) 361-171 calBCE [357-171 calBCE (2175±20 BP, PSUAMS-3761), 361-202 calBCE (2205±20 BP, PSUAMS-4425)] I6896
HV6 R2a3a2b2b1 356-121 calBCE (2165±20 BP, PSUAMS-6197) I8245
M30 J1 167-46 calBCE (2080±20 BP, PSUAMS-2788) I6549
M30 n/a (female) 200-0 BCE [mother of directly dated I6549 at 167-46 calBCE (2080±20 BP, PSUAMS-2788)] I6552
U8b1a1 n/a (female) 200 BCE - 100 CE I6547
H+16311 n/a (female) 200 BCE - 100 CE I6551
.. n/a (female) 50 calBCE - 52 calCE (2010±20 BP, PSUAMS-6195) I8218
R30b1 n/a (female) 47 calBCE - 52 calCE (2005±20 BP, PSUAMS-6207) I7714
U2a J1 41 calBCE - 57 calCE (1990±20 BP, PSUAMS-2789) I6550
J1b1 GHIJK 1-1000 CE I11565
.. BT 1-1000 CE I11562
J1b1 J 720-895 calCE (1200±30 BP, Beta-428663) I1808
M3a2 n/a (female) 1021-1154 calCE (960±20 BP, PSUAMS-6206) I6890
M5a1 R1a1a1b 1037-1207 calCE (905±30 BP, Poz-83508) I2959
.. R1a1a 1000-1250 CE [father.or.son of I2959 at 1037-1207 calCE (905±30 BP, Poz-83508)] I2960
H13a2a J2a1h2 1169-1250 calCE (835±15 BP, PSUAMS-4428) I7716
M49 J1 1276-1390 calCE (670±25 BP, PSUAMS-4427) I7715
H2b R1a1a1b 1287-1393 calCE (640±20 BP, PSUAMS-6205) I6889
M3a1 R1a1a1b2a2b 1485-1650 calCE (310±30 BP, Beta-428668) I1805
.. E1b1b1b2 1400-1126 calBCE (3018±45 BP, CEDAD-LTL13327A) I6900
T2a1b E1b1b1b2 1491-922 calBCE [1044-922 calBCE (2830±20 BP, PSUAMS-2632), 1491-1231 calBCE (3098±45 BP, CEDAD-LTL13335A)] I1799
M30+16234 n/a (female) 1372-1027 calBCE (2964±45 BP, CEDAD-LTL12131A I8193
U1a1 n/a (female) 1416-831 calBCE [921-831 calBCE (2740±20 BP, PSUAMS-2798), 1416-1214 calBCE (3056±40 BP, CEDAD-LTL13332A)] I3260
U7b R2a3a2b2c 1207-1014 calBCE (2910±25 BP, PSUAMS-5426) I12147
H2a2 E1a 1195-978 calBCE (2890±30 BP, Beta-428665) I1992
M E1b1b1b2a 1192-824 calBCE [1192-939 calBCE (2880±30 BP, Beta-428667), 1001-824 calBCE (2758±40 BP, CEDAD-LTL13334A)] I1985
R30a1b H1a1a 1100-900 BCE I8194
.. n/a (female) 1200-800 BCE I6198
.. n/a (female) 1200-800 BCE I6901
.. n/a (female) 1200-800 BCE I6897
U8b1a E1b1b1b2 1200-800 BCE I6194
M65a E1b1b1b2 1200-800 BCE I6197
.. DE 1200-800 BCE I3261
T1a1 n/a (female) 1071-925 calBCE (2845±20 BP, PSUAMS-5277) I12138
W3a1 R1a1a1b 1044-922 calBCE (2830±20 BP, PSUAMS-5280) I12457
W3a1 n/a (female) 1107-840 calBCE [1027-848 calBCE (2800±30 BP, Beta-428666), 1107-840 calBCE (2808±45 BP, CEDAD-LTL13329A] I1994
K1a n/a (female) 1011-909 calBCE (2810±20 BP, PSUAMS-5503) I13226
U4c1 n/a (female) 1011-909 calBCE (2810±20 BP, PSUAMS-2841) I6195
HV2a L1a 1006-904 calBCE (2800±20 BP, PSUAMS-4867) I10974
.. E1b1b1b2 1044-792 calBCE [1044-830 calBCE (2785±45 BP, CEDAD-LTL13328A), 901-792 calBCE (2659±40 BP, CEDAD-LTL13328A)] I6899
U7a n/a (female) 992-830 calBCE (2760±30 BP, Beta-428664, based on 14C date on I1796, UDG31, Grave 28, Individual 1, which is genetically a duplicate and dropped due to lower quality) I8190
[email protected] n/a (female) 974-836 calBCE (2760±20 BP, PSUAMS-4853) I8219
[email protected] n/a (female) 974-836 calBCE (2760±20 BP, PSUAMS-2787) I6546
H14a E1b1b1b2a 976-832 calBCE (2760±25 BP, PSUAMS-2157) I3262
U2e1'2'3 C1b1a1a1 971-834 calBCE (2755±20 BP, PSUAMS-2795) I6553
M35b+16304 n/a (female) 968-833 calBCE (2750±20 BP, PSUAMS-2791) I5397
U2e1h n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I6557
H H1a1 1000-800 BCE I6548
HV13b J2a1h2 1000-800 BCE I12451
W3a1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I13219
U1a1 R2a3a 1000-800 BCE I12968
T2g R2a3a 1000-800 BCE I12473
M n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12444
U2 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12144
U2a2 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12448
HV14a n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12141
U7b J 1000-800 BCE I12465
H3ac L1a 1000-800 BCE I12475
N1a1b1 J2a1 1000-800 BCE I12463
J1d3a R2a3a 1000-800 BCE I5399
M30d1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12461
U2b2 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12446
R30b1 H1a1d2 1000-800 BCE I12447
H13a2a H1a1d2 1000-800 BCE I12143
U2b2 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12142
HV17 I2a2a1b1b1 1000-800 BCE I12471
HV18 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12146
M30c1 I2a2a1b1b1 1000-800 BCE I12149
W3a1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12477
U1a n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12464
U7a L1a 1000-800 BCE I12445
HV12b1 R2a3a2b2c 1000-800 BCE I12462
U2b n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12460
U2c1 L1a2 1000-800 BCE I10523
W3b n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12454
M30c1 R2a3a 1000-800 BCE I12470
Z3a1a n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I5398
D4j1b .. 1000-800 BCE I12980
A+152+16362 R 1000-800 BCE I13221
I1c1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12456
M5a L1a2 1000-800 BCE I13222
M5a n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12455
N1a2 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I13224
T1a1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I13220
U2b L1a 1000-800 BCE I13223
W n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I13227
I1c n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12137
M4 J2 1000-800 BCE I12458
M65a1 L1 1000-800 BCE I12459
M30g Q1a1b1 1000-800 BCE I12134
M5a Q1b2 1000-800 BCE I13228
H n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12984
U7a L1a2 1000-800 BCE I10000
H14 J2b 1000-800 BCE I12982
U2c1b L1a 1000-800 BCE I12988
[email protected] n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12983
T1a1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12979
M70 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12981
HV18 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12987
R30b1 L1a 1000-800 BCE I10001
W3a1b R2 1000-800 BCE I8998
[email protected] E1b1b1b2 1000-800 BCE I12472
.. CT 1000-800 BCE I12140
W3a1b R2a 1000-800 BCE I8997
U1a1c1d R2a3a 1000-800 BCE I12449
.. R1 1000-800 BCE I12466
.. J 1000-800 BCE I12453
R30b1 n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12985
M4a n/a (female) 1000-800 BCE I12136
M5a Q1b2 927-831 calBCE (2745±20 BP, PSUAMS-2793) I5400
J1b1b3 n/a (female) 921-831 calBCE (2740±20 BP, PSUAMS-2786) I6545
U3b1a1 n/a (female) 911-822 calBCE (2725±20 BP, PSUAMS-4851) I8999
M4a L1a 906-820 calBCE (2720±20 BP, PSUAMS-2797) I6555
U4d J2a1 904-817 calBCE (2715±20 BP, PSUAMS-2790) I5396
T2g1a n/a (female) 895-801 calBCE (2675±20 BP, PSUAMS-2794) I6292
U2c1 n/a (female) 894-798 calBCE (2670±20 BP, PSUAMS-2792) I6556
T2g1a L1a 831-796 calBCE (2645±20 BP, PSUAMS-2796) I6554
M3a2 R1a1a1 824-792 calBCE (2630±20 BP, PSUAMS-5279) I12450
H n/a (female) 818-789 calBCE (2620±20 BP, PSUAMS-4423) I6888
U2c1a G2a2a1 970-550 BCE I8246

Is there any population in South Asia or near South Asia today with 15% E1b1b like the Swat samples? Based on their unusual Y-DNA at the first view it almost seems like as if IA Swat people became later extinct . At the second view their Y-DNA looks quite Dardic and Pre-Pashtun (good chance modern day Q1b among Pashtuns is from a Swat_IA substrate in my opinion). Are their R2a, H1a and other clades matching Kalash?

[tipirneni]

Is there any population in South Asia or near South Asia today with 15% E1b1b like the Swat samples? Based on their unusual Y-DNA at the first view it almost seems like as if IA Swat people became later extinct . At the second view their Y-DNA looks quite Dardic and Pre-Pashtun (good chance modern day Q1b among Pashtuns is from a Swat_IA substrate in my opinion). Are their R2a, H1a and other clades matching Kalash?

Even the sites around 1000BC in South in Adichallanur and keechadi have Mediterranean & European skeletons which may be these Scythian like. However these could not sequenced unlike Swat valley. There might be some more of these foreign colonies in Chera kingdom, Odiya kingdom, Bengal etc.. too which are not found yet. It might be global Bronze age phenomena to start colonies on distant coast as we see Greek colonies all over Mediterranean and mixed with Scythian all over Black sea coast etc...

https://www.thenewsminute.com/articl...s-india-134150



HISTORY OF EXCAVATION
Adichanallur was first brought to light by a German, Jagor, who excavated the place in 1876. Later, Englishman Alexander Rea, who was the Superintending Archaeologist, excavated the site between 1889 and 1905. A Frenchman called Louis Lapique had also conducted an excavation in 1904. In the article titled ‘Prehistoric antiquities in Tinnevelly’, appeared in the Archaeological Survey of India’s annual report in 1902-03, Rea said that excavations by Jagor had yielded “Upwards of 50 kinds of baked earthenware utensils of all sizes and shapes., and a great quantity of bones and skulls”. Rea discovered about 1,872 objects, and about 4,000 more later. Husks of rice and millet were found in pots inside the urns. Lamp stands, wire bangles, swords, spears and arrows were found. Importantly, several gold diadems were found. Even today the practice of tying gold diadems on the forehead of bride in the Hindu weddings is popular in Tamil Nadu. Rea also discovered a number of bronze figurines of the buffalo, the goat or the sheep, the cock, the tiger, the antelope and the elephant